On the banks of the Yauza
Let's turn onto Matrosskaya Tishina Street. It was named after the Sailors' Almshouse, which existed here since about 1771 and which it was forbidden for lumbering carts to pass by. Therefore, the street was really quiet, retired crippled sailors lived here - that’s the name.
On the corner of Stromynka and Matrosskaya Tishina stands MGUPI - Moscow State University of Instrument Engineering and Informatics. It was built on the very spot where it was once located Catherine's almshouse(Stromynka, 20).
At the end of the 17th century, Peter the Great founded Khamovny Dvor on this site - a linen factory where canvas was made for the Russian fleet. Two buildings have survived from this building - northern and western. They belong to MGUPI, forming a corner of the building facing Stromynka.
In 1785, the Catherine Almshouse was located in the factory buildings. Then the eastern and southern buildings were built, closing the square. In the courtyard of the almshouse there is a dilapidated round building with five domes, similar to a church. In fact, these are original ancient cellars.
The following buildings on the same street are Preobrazhenskaya Psychiatric Hospital(Matrosskaya Silence, 20). This is the first specialized psychiatric hospital in Moscow, built in 1802. The dolgauz (from the German “tollhaus” - a house for the insane) was built according to the design of the same architect who built the Catherine Almshouse - Ivan Selikhov, a student of Matvey Kazakov. The house of sorrow was designed for 80 patients, and each had separate chambers. The almshouse had three sections - for the curable, incurable and convalescent. At the end of the 19th century, the building was expanded with funds from donors, including the merchants Alekseevs and their relatives Bostanzhoglo.
One of the patients of the Preobrazhenskaya Hospital was the holy fool and soothsayer Ivan Yakovlevich Koreysha (1783–1861), whose medical record stated: “The causes of the disease are frantic study of religious books. The disease is completely incurable." He lived here for forty-four years. Not only townsfolk, but also government officials turned to him for advice, finding in the patient’s mutterings answers to the questions that worried them. Interpreters, who were always with Koreish, helped decipher and understand his nonsense. Crowds of people wishing to find out their future gathered near the walls of the hospital; tickets were sold for his “sessions,” and the fee for visits amounted to 500–700 rubles per month and ensured the well-being of the entire institution. “If it weren’t for Ivan Yakovlevich, I don’t know how we would have made ends meet,” the head physician of the hospital used to say.
Prison Sailor's Silence. Pre-trial detention center No. 1 (house No. 18) was founded in 1775 by Empress Catherine II as a “strait house for the impudent.” Nowadays such an institution would be called a sobering-up center: brawlers and drunkards were supposed to be placed here for humility. Gradually, the institution turned into a correctional home, and then into a correctional prison.
Tuberculosis Clinical Hospital No. 7(house No. 13) was built in 1903 with funds from the city administration and designed by architect A.I. Roop. In 1903, the hospital church of the Icon of the Mother of God “Quench My Sorrows” was built. The church was closed in 1922 and the building became a morgue.
In 1905, the central workshops of the Moscow tram were moved from Miusskaya Square to the Sokolnichesky tram park. This is how they arose Sokolniki tram repair shops(house no. 15/17). Then the tram parking lot was moved closer to Yauza, where Novosokolnichesky Park (tram depot named after I.V. Rusakov) appeared, and the workshops turned into a plant that not only repairs, but also produces rolling stock for urban transport.
On the right side, two long three-story buildings open onto the street. buildings of Sokolniki barracks(No. 10), built in the 70s of the 19th century. Initially, they housed a sapper battalion, so the barracks were also called Sapper barracks. On the other side of the street is the Church of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary at the Sapper Barracks. It was intended for soldiers and officers. The church is not functioning, all sacred paraphernalia has been removed from the building, but the altar part has been preserved. The premises belong to the Moscow Eastern Customs.
Dvortsovo-Rubtsovskaya Street runs from Matrosskaya Tishina Street to the Yauza embankment. It is called that because in the 16th century there stood on this place in the village of Rubtsovo Palace of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. It overlooked the Yauza, and the embankment used to be called Dvortsovaya, now it is Rusakovskaya. It was here that Mikhail Fedorovich lived after ascending the throne, because the Kremlin was severely destroyed in battles with the Poles. The palace was surrounded by a beautiful garden with fragrant roses; nearby, at the behest of Mikhail Fedorovich, a church was built in honor of the Intercession of the Virgin Mary, which is why the village began to be called Pokrovsky.
The site of the palace is now the Rusakovskaya Hospital. Its foundation is connected with the sad history of the von Derviz family. Pavel Grigorievich von Derviz, the railway magnate, was a very rich man, but was not distinguished by strong health: hereditary tuberculosis brought his son Volodya to the grave, then his daughter, and grief destroyed the head of the family himself. An already seriously ill entrepreneur donated capital of 40 thousand rubles to the city for the construction of a children's hospital with 180 beds, and at the request of the donor, 100 beds in the hospital were to remain free forever for orphans and children of poor parents. The hospital, named Vladimirskaya (in honor of the deceased heir), opened in 1876; then she was considered exemplary not only in Moscow, but throughout Russia. Five years later, at the expense of Derviz's widow, a temple in the name of the Holy Trinity was erected in the hospital, where the von Derviz family crypt was built. This temple in the ancient Russian style still stands in the courtyard of the hospital; it is operational, but its interior decoration - rich and skillful - has been lost.
From Matrosskaya Tishina we find ourselves on Nikolai Gastello Street (old names - 3rd Sokolnicheskaya Street, Sapernaya Street and Matrossky Dead End). Not far from here the Hero of the Soviet Union lived and studied; There is a monument to him on this street. Ancient buildings have been partially preserved here, including wooden manor house No. 5 - a beautiful one-story wooden building with carved details. Alas, land in this area is now expensive, and no one can guarantee that the house will last long.
Sokolnicheskie streets run off from Gastello Street in both directions - now there are five of them, but before there were twelve. There is a remarkable building on 2nd Sokolnicheskaya city Sokolniki female and male primary schools named after A. S. Pushkin(now the A.S. Pushkin Education Center), opened in 1904; the decision to open them along with other city primary schools named after A. S. Pushkin was made by the Moscow City Duma to commemorate the centenary of the poet’s birth in 1899. The organizer and first trustee of the men's school was the son of A. S. Pushkin, General Alexander Alexandrovich Pushkin (1833–1914), and it was there that Nikolai Gastello studied.
On nearby 3rd Sokolnicheskaya Street - House of free apartments of merchant E.K. Rakhmanova(No. 5). The Rakhmanovs were the richest Old Believers merchants and famous philanthropists.
The nearest stations are Elektrozavodskaya - metro and railway.
It's worth here Pokrovsky Palace of Elizaveta Petrovna(house No. 44) and - behind the railway - Church of Mikhail Fedorovich(Bakuninskaya st., 83). The church has a belfry and two chapels - Tsarevich Demetrius and St. Sergius of Radonezh. This temple was built directly in stone under the personal supervision of the young Tsar - the first of the Romanovs. Here he himself and the entire royal family prayed, and his father, Patriarch Filaret, served prayers here. We can say that this temple is the first built in Russia after the end of the Time of Troubles. It is considered a monument to Russian military glory and a symbol of the revival of the Fatherland. It stands literally a few meters from the railway track, and on the contrary, in the same proximity to the railway, stands the royal palace.
The village of Pokrovskoye had already fallen into desolation when, under Anna Ioannovna, the beautiful young crown princess Elizaveta Petrovna was sent here into secret exile.
In the 1770s, the poem began to be published in collections:
In the village, the village of Pokrovskoye
The middle of the street is big,
Played and danced
Beautiful girl-soul,
Beautiful girl-soul,
Avdotyushka is good...
With an indication that it is “the work of a famous Russian woman, sung by Lomonosov.” Under Soviet rule, this mysterious instruction was replaced by a short one: “people's words.” Although many researchers, including the poet Derzhavin, the historian Bantysh-Kamensky and even Pushkin, confirmed the authorship of the Russian empress Elizaveta Petrovna.
Yes, the Russian Empress really wrote poetry and can rightfully be considered one of the first Russian poetesses. Here, in Pokrovskoye, Elizaveta created another poem, not very skillful (poetic rules were just emerging), but sincere and touching.
I can't put out the fire with my urine,
My heart aches, but what can I do to help?
That it’s always apart and boring without you,
It would be easier not to know you than to suffer like this
Always for you.
Its addressee is known - this is Alexey Yakovlevich Shubin, according to some sources, an ensign of the Semenovsky Life Guards Regiment, according to others, a non-commissioned officer of the Preobrazhensky Regiment. These regiments were stationed nearby, in the Semyonovskaya and Preobrazhenskaya settlements. Now they have even erected a common monument to them - no wonder that the regiments were confused two hundred years ago.
According to the recollections of his contemporaries, Alexey Shubin was very handsome, and at first this was precisely why the young princess liked him. Sentimental historians of the nineteenth century wrote that Elizabeth indulged in her feelings with all the fervor of youth, with all the ecstasy of passion, and even intended to marry Shubin.
However, Empress Anna Ioannovna did not trust either Elizabeth or her fiancé. She could not help but notice that Elizabeth had become too close to the guards: she baptized their children, attended weddings; The birthday soldier came to her, according to the old custom, with a birthday cake and received gifts and a glass of anise from her. Elizabeth herself drank with pleasure to the health of the birthday boy.
“Princess Elizabeth, daughter of Peter I and Tsarina Catherine, is such a beauty as I have never seen. Her complexion is amazing, her eyes are fiery, her mouth is perfect, her neck is white and her figure is amazing. She is tall and extremely lively. He dances well and rides without the slightest fear."
The Spanish ambassador wrote about her.
The guards soldiers loved the crown princess, called her mother and said that she, the daughter of Peter the Great, “should not cry as an orphan,” but should sit on the throne. All this reached Anna, and on her orders Shubin was arrested, languished in a prison cell for a long time, and then was sent to Kamchatka and married there against his will to a Kamchadal woman. On pain of death, he was forbidden to tell anyone his name.
Ten years passed, Anna Ioannovna died, her Brunswick heirs did not remain on the throne, and Elizabeth, having carried out a coup d'etat, ascended to the throne, which belonged to her by right of birth. Now her heart was given to someone else, but even after 10 years of separation, she did not forget her former lover and immediately sent people to search for him.
For more than a year, the messenger traveled all over Kamchatka, asking if Shubin was anywhere, but could not find out anything. Once, talking with the prisoners, the messenger mentioned the name of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, but they did not believe that she was reigning. As proof, he had to present documents with her name and seal. And only then did one of the exiles admit that he was Shubin.
“For innocent endurance” in March 1743, Shubin was promoted to major general and received the Alexander Ribbon and rich estates. The Kamchatka exile upset his health, he indulged in piety, took up science and in 1744 asked for dismissal from service. Having received his resignation, Shubin settled on his estate, where he died in 1765, outliving Elizabeth by three years.
At the end of the 1730s, the palace where Elizabeth lived, already quite dilapidated and old, burned down.
She immediately ordered it to be rebuilt and even personally came to monitor the progress of the work, now accompanied by her new favorite, Razumovsky. Since then, the palace has burned down more than once, and was rebuilt - the last time in the 19th century - but still has survived to this day and even retained the features of its old appearance. Since 1992, the Research Institute for Restoration has been located here. The three-story red brick building next to the palace has no relation to it. It is much later (1913) and belonged to the Intercession Community of Sisters of Mercy (Gastello St., 42).
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Home - Russia - MoscowYauza is the largest tributary of the Moscow River and the second largest river in the capital.
Its length is 48 km, within the city limits - 29 km.
The Yauza originates from swamps on the territory of Losiny Island, crosses the city of Mytishchi, the villages of Taininka and Perlovka, after which it enters Moscow, where it receives numerous tributaries.
In the capital, the Yauza flows in the Medvedkovo and Babushkinskaya districts, crosses the Okrug Railway, Prospekt Mira, the Yaroslavskoe, Kazanskoe and Kursk directions of the Moscow Railway, the Garden Ring and flows into the Moscow River at the Bolshoy Ustinsky Bridge.
Until the 18th century, the Yauza was known as part of the trade route from Moscow to Klyazma, and the section in the Mytishchi area was passed through with a portage. Keys in the upper reaches of the Yauza from the beginning of the 19th to the middle of the 20th centuries. were considered the basis of the first centralized Mytishchi water supply system. Starting from the 18th century, the banks of the Yauza River from the mouth to Sokolniki began to be built up; the riverbed was blocked by numerous dams with mills, which heavily polluted the water.
At the end of the 1930s. The riverbed of the Yauza was straightened and expanded almost twice (up to 30 m), granite embankments were built, and new bridges were built.
Now within Moscow on the Yauza there are 28 road bridges, 5 railway bridges, 2 metro bridges, 6 tram bridges, 23 pedestrian bridges.
Due to severe pollution of the river, extensive cleanup work is underway. The Yauza is considered navigable for small ships from the mouth to the Oleniy (Glebovsky) Bridge, which is located near Preobrazhenskaya Square.
Our walk will begin at Bolshoi Ustinsky Bridge, where the Yauza flows into the Moscow River.
From here you have a magnificent view of one of the seven high-rise buildings in Moscow. The residential building on Kotelnicheskaya Embankment was built in 1952 (architect D.N. Chechulin, A.K. Rostkovsky, engineer L.M. Gokhman). Its height is 176 meters, and it dominates the area, clearly visible from all surrounding streets.
The building consists of three buildings containing apartments, shops, a post office, a studio and the Illusion cinema. The central building has 32 floors, the side buildings - 18.
The decoration of the external part of the building includes crenellated towers and statues, while the lower part is faced with granite. The interior decoration of the lobbies is made of marble and granite, the window openings are framed with metal decor.
The building on Kotelnicheskaya, like many other high-rise buildings in Moscow, is used for weather observation. Here the direction and speed of the wind are determined.
In the famous house lived actresses Faina Ranevskaya, Klara Luchko, Lydia Smirnova, Nonna Mordyukova, poet Alexander Tvardovsky, ballerina Galina Ulanova, animal trainer Irina Bugrimova, composer Nikita Bogoslovsky, as well as Dmitry Chechulin, the architect of the house.
It was planned that the high-rise building would become a strategic object. It was planned to build underground tunnels leading to the Kremlin, Novospassky Monastery and across the Moscow River.
A well-known fact is that the high-rise building was built by prisoners. They are also said to have posed for sculptors who sculpted bas-reliefs.
On this side of the Yauza there is the Podgorskaya embankment, named after the steep slope - Shviva Gorka, which starts from here.
On the right side is the library of foreign literature, opened in 1922.
The first gracefully curved pedestrian bridge that we meet on our way is called Tessinsky. It has existed at this location since at least 1887. The bridge got its name in honor of the famous homeowner A.I. Tessina.
Let's continue our walk along Serebryanicheskaya Embankment (left side in the direction of travel). The name of the embankment comes from the 17th century, when the Old Serebryaniki settlement was located here, in which the masters of the Silver Mint lived.
Yauza is fenced on both sides by bars with Soviet symbols.
Serebryanicheskaya embankment turns into Poluyaroslavskaya, named after the Poyuyaroslavtsev cloth factory, which was located here in the first half of the 18th century.
Vysokoyauzsky Bridge, along which the Garden Ring route passes, was built in 1873 or 1890. In 1963 it was reconstructed (engineer S.I. Heyman, architect K.P. Savelyev).
Domes are visible on a high hill Church of St. Sergius of Radonezh in Rogozhskaya Sloboda.
Kostomarovsky Bridge was built in 1941.
The monastery was founded by Metropolitan Alexy in 1357; it received its name after the first abbot Andronik, a student of Sergei of Radonezh. The especially revered icon of the Savior Not Made by Hands is kept here.
The monastery is one of the first guard monasteries built to protect Moscow from enemy attacks. The great Russian painter Andrei Rublev lived and worked within the monastery walls. Here he died and was buried. Currently, the monastery houses the Museum of Ancient Russian Art named after. Andrey Rublev.
Also outside the walls of the monastery is one of the oldest buildings in Moscow - the Spassky Cathedral (1420-1427)
Let's walk under the brightest bridge of the Yauza, which is called. It is a bridge in the Kursk direction of the Moscow Railway, built in 1865.
The bridge never changed its purpose. When the Yauza was enclosed in granite banks, it was reconstructed in 1950-1951, and new embankments were built through the two outer arches.
On the left side rises the gray building of the Manometer plant.
And ahead is an elegant pedestrian street.
It was built in 1939 and named after the Customs Passage, which led from the former Warehouse Customs House to the river.
In 1936-1939, as part of the reconstruction of the city’s water management, an artificial island was poured on the site of the former Zolotorozhsky Bridge, a dam and a sluice (waterworks) were built according to the design of the architect G.P. Golts. This is the only one of the 4 navigable waterworks on the Yauza, the construction of which was provided for by the 1935 General Plan. The rest were never implemented.
Its main task was to prevent floods during spring floods and rainstorms. The dam ensures a drop in water levels on the Yauza of up to 4 m.
The lock can only accommodate small small vessels.
Vessels are always parked near the dam to collect garbage.
On the left side is the area Syromyatniki.
Its name comes from the rawhide settlement that stood here in the 17th century, in which saddlers and other leather (rawhide) craftsmen lived and worked.
Curved was built in 1958 on the site of a road bridge. Its name comes from the village of Saltykovka, which was located on lands that belonged to the Saltykov family.
Let's move on. On the right is Lefortovo.
At the end of the 17th century, on the deserted left bank of the Yauza River, Peter I ordered the construction of houses for a regular regiment of soldiers, the first-born of the Russian army. This place was called the Lefortovo Soldiers' Settlement, after the name of one of the closest collaborators and friends of the young tsar, a native of Switzerland, Franz Lefort.
Further on our way rises, built in 2003.
It was built in 1781, before it was called the Palace, because there were palaces along the banks of the Yauza in this part. But it was renamed during reconstruction in 1940.
Lefortovo is considered the oldest bridge in Moscow.
Perhaps it was built by the architect Semyon Yakovlev in the image and likeness of the famous Stone Bridge, built in 1692 across the Moscow River, which was called the “eighth wonder of the world.”
During the reconstruction of 1940, the roadway was raised, and the width of the bridge was increased from 15 to 23 meters, and they tried to leave the old bridge supports, copied from the Kamenny Bridge.
The housings are located on the left side.
MSTU began as a vocational school, the idea of organizing which matured very slowly. In 1826, Empress Maria Feodorovna “deigned to command the establishment of large workshops of various crafts” for orphan boys of the Orphanage.
For this purpose, the famous Moscow architect D.I. Gilardi rebuilt the Slobodskaya Palace in the German Settlement, which had burned down in 1812. The building acquired a modern look in the late Moscow Empire style. In the central part it is decorated by the sculptor I.P. Vitali with a multi-figure composition “Minerva”, symbolizing the achievements of science and the practical skills of a craftsman.
In 1830, Emperor Nicholas I approved the “Regulations on the Crafts Educational Institution”. The current MSTU dates back to this year.
Lefortovo Park, located on the right side, laid out in 1703, it is considered the first regular park in Russia and the prototype of many parks in St. Petersburg. There was also the Golovinsky Garden, which under Empress Anna Ioannovna was called “Versailles on the Yauza”. All that remains of the original Dutch layout in the park to this day is a linden alley, a rotunda gazebo, five ponds, benches and Rastrelli’s grotto.
Under Lefortovo Park there is a famous Lefortovo tunnel, with a length of 3 km, making it the fourth longest urban tunnel in Europe.
was built in 1941 on the site of an older bridge.
Let's walk past residential buildings on the Yauza.
Here it is thrown across the river Rubtsov bridge.
Until 2002, it did not have a name, and then it received it from the village of Rubtsovo-Pokrovskoye that existed here. The settlement was originally known as Rubtsovo; in the first quarter of the 17th century, the country palace of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich was located here, by whose order the Church of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary was built in 1626 in memory of the liberation of Moscow from foreign invaders, and the village began to be called Pokrovskoye, or Rubtsovo-Pokrovskoye.
Closer to Elektrozavodsky Bridge the industrial zone begins.
The Elektrozavodsky Bridge was built in 1954 on the site of the former Rubtsovsky Bridge, originally called Pokrovsky Bridge after the Church of the Intercession of the Virgin Mary in the nearby village of Rubtsovo. It received its modern name from the “Electric Plant” located here.
This is the most polluted area of the Yauza. The riverbed is filled with sediment and various debris. The river is heavily polluted with untreated sewage and petroleum products.
Previously, when the Yauza was used as a city snow machine, dredging work was regularly carried out on the river.
Yauza is surrounded by factories and industrial enterprises.
And once upon a time, during the time of Peter I, there was Preobrazhenskaya Sloboda, which was the cradle of the new Russian army and navy (Right side Yauza as we move).
Here the first Russian regiments of the new system were born from those “amusing” sons of servants, grooms, huntsmen and other palace servants who were ordered to be with the boy Peter for his amusement.
Between the 2nd and 3rd Elektrozavodsky lanes, new modest mansions were built for the sovereign.
Then we pass under Sailor's Bridge, which connects Stromynka and Preobrazhenskaya streets. It was built in 1956 on the site of an old bridge, built in 1906 and named after the nearby Matrosskaya Sloboda.
Peter I on the right bank Yauza (left side as we move) built a sailing factory and settled Matrosskaya Sloboda near it. In 1771, the factory was moved to Novgorod, and in its buildings a Catherine's Sailors' Almshouse for veteran sailors.
was built in 1965.
The buildings stretch to the right psychiatric hospital No. 4 named after. Gannushkina.
It was opened in 1904 as the Kotovskaya part of the Preobrazhenskaya Hospital. Since 1936 it has been named after P.B. Gannushkina.
In 1684, on the site of the hospital, Peter I built an “amusing fortress” (Preshburg), which had walls with towers and a moat with a drawbridge.
Subsequently, the Kotov merchants acquired this plot and built a factory, which, after their ruin, came into the possession of the city government, which in 1904 transferred the entire Kotov estate to the Preobrazhenskaya Hospital.
In 1912-14, with donations from merchants Alekseevs, Korolevs and Khrushchevs, three buildings were built (architect I.P. Mashkov), named after the donors. After the Great Patriotic War, standard buildings were built. N.N. worked at the hospital. Bazhenov, V.A. Gilyarovsky, E.K. Krasnushkin, A.S. Kronfeld, A.V. Snezhnevsky and other psychiatrists. In 1975, the memorial museum of P.B. was opened. Gannushkina.
And our walk ends at Oleny (Glebovsky) Bridge, which connects Oleniy and Bogorodsky Vals.
The bridge was built in 1982 on a straightened river bed to replace a wooden one.
It got its name from the Glebov Dam. Until 2000, the Yauza embankment ended here, but now it has been extended to Rostokinsky Proezd.
From the mouth of the river to the Oleniy Bridge is 9.6 km.
Information used:
Romanyuk S.K. Through the lands of Moscow villages and settlements
In contact with
In 1908, the right bank of the Yauza in the area from the confluence of the Kopytovka River to the intersection with the Kamer-Kollezhsky Val became the official border of the city of Moscow.
Burov.yl, CC BY-SA 4.0Tributaries
There are 18 tributaries of the Yauza in total: 12 of them are right and 6 are left.
- right: Rabotnya, Sukromka, Chermyanka, Likhoborka, Kamenka, Goryachka, Kopytovka, Putyaevsky Stream, Oleniy Stream, Rybinka, Chechera, Chernogryazka;
- left: Ichka, Budaika, Bogatyrsky Stream, Khapilovka, Sinichka, Zolotoy Rozhok.
origin of name
Yauza is mentioned in the chronicle under 1156 as Auza.
V. N. Toporov compares the name of the river with Baltic words - Latvian Auzes and Latvian appellative auzajs, auzai and others in the meaning of “oat stalk, awn, straw.”
Al Silonov, GNU 1.2 Shipping
The Yauza is passable for small ships from the mouth to the Oleniy (Glebovsky) bridge (about 10 km). Occasionally, during dredging work, ships from Mosvodostok, an organization that is responsible for the condition of the river, appear on the Yauza.
The upper section of the Yauza from the Bogatyrsky Bridge to the Yaroslavl Highway, more than 3 km long, is also accessible to motorboats. This area was used by the technical fleet during the reconstruction of the Yauza in the early 2000s.
The width of the river in the “navigable” section is 20-25 meters, with the exception of the section of the upper pool adjacent to the Yauz hydroelectric complex. There the width of the river reaches 65 meters.
In this section, the river is enclosed in stone (concrete) embankments up to three meters high. There are several “descent-docks” equipped with mooring bollards. The “upper” berth is located at the Preobrazhensky metro bridge, which is the border of “navigation” along the Yauza.
The shipping situation on the Yauza is represented by “Do not drop anchors” signs installed on the walls of the embankments. The topmost sign is located above the Yaroslavskoye Highway bridge. Traffic lights are installed at the gateway of the Syromyatnichesky hydroelectric complex. Above the upper gate there is a sign “Above water clearance - 6.0 m”. There are red warning lights above the dam.
In the Middle Ages, the river’s navigable role was much greater; the Yauza was part of one of the options for the river route from the Moscow River to Klyazma.
Yauza reconstruction plan
Work on the construction of embankments on the navigable section of the river was mainly completed by 1940.
According to the General Plan of 1935, Yauza was supposed to be included in the Water Ring of Moscow. The plan included the construction of the Northern Canal (Khimki Reservoir - Yauza) and sluicing of the Yauza through the construction of several low-pressure waterworks. In total, it was planned to build six waterworks: a lock and a ship lift on the Northern Canal and four locks on the Yauza. Apparently the plan for a major reconstruction of the Yauza lasted until the mid-1960s. This can be judged by the construction of embankments, which was carried out until the early 1970s above the Rostokinsky aqueduct and above the Oleniy Bridge. The “planned” width of the channel (the distance between the walls of the embankments) is 20-25 m, which significantly exceeds the size of the Yauza channel in its natural state. However, this plan was not implemented except for the construction in 1940 of the Syromyatnichesky hydroelectric complex with a shipping lock, 3 km from the mouth of the river.
Amir Khan, Public Domain To “water” the Yauza, a small one was built in 1940, through which the Volga water flows through the Moscow Canal and the Khimki Reservoir into the Golovinsky Ponds and further into the Yauza tributary Likhoborka. The canal ran along the route of one of the sections of the Northern Canal.
The Syromyatnichesky hydroelectric complex (also Yauza, originally supposed to have No. 4) was built in 1940, three kilometers from the mouth of the Yauza, according to the design of the architect G. P. Golts (1893-1946). The name of the waterworks was given after the nearby Syromyatnaya Sloboda (Syromyatniki).
Lite, GNU 1.2 Below the waterworks dam, on the right bank, garbage booms are installed. The mooring base for Mosvodostok ships is also located here. Garbage collected from the waters of the central part of the Moscow River and Yauza is loaded onto scows and transported to the base in Kuryanovo.
Eugeny1988, GNU 1.2 In 2005-2006, a major overhaul was carried out at the waterworks. The sluice gate was repaired and the spillway dam gate was replaced. In the early 2000s. work was carried out to overhaul the embankment walls. The lower pool of the hydroelectric complex is located in the backwater zone of the Perervinsky hydroelectric complex on the Moscow River with an average depth in the Yauza of 1.5 m. The upper “navigable” pool to the Oleniy (Glebovsky) bridge is in poor condition.
Straightening the Yauza riverbed
- In the 50s of the twentieth century, work was carried out in the area of the Elektrozavod to straighten the riverbed of the Yauza, as part of the implementation of the Master Plan for the Reconstruction of Moscow in 1935. As part of the work to straighten the riverbed, a new Elektrozavodsky bridge was built. The difference between the old and new channels of the Yauza is visible on comparative maps of Moscow in 1952 and a modern map.
- In the 70s of the twentieth century, work was carried out in the Medvedkovo area to straighten the Yauza channel. They were caused by the complexity of the construction of the metro bridge of the new section of the Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya line of the Moscow Metro, as well as the proposed development of the right bank of the river (in the place where the old bed of the Yauza was located, two residential blocks were subsequently built between Shokalsky passage and Sukhonskaya street). Work to straighten the Yauza riverbed in the Medvedkovo area was completed in 1979.
Dredging
Previously, when the Yauza was used as a city snow machine, dredging work was regularly carried out on the river.
2008
At the end of August 2008, after a many-year break, dredging work was carried out on the Yauza, which continued until the end of October. In two months, a section several hundred meters long was cleared along the right bank of the river on Rubtsovskaya embankment above the Hospital Bridge. The work involved the floating crane "PK-141", towing boats "Neptune" and "Jupiter" with two scows with a capacity of 40 cubic meters. meters each. In the upper tail of the Yauzsky hydroelectric complex at the lock and dam, the water area was cleared using a refuler dredger.
Sunmood1981, GNU 1.2 2009
In 2009, work was continued, but in small quantities. The airlock chamber was cleaned using a dredger.
2010
In 2010, selective clearing of the Yauza riverbed was carried out in the area of the Elektrozavodsky Bridge. Due to the shallow waters of the area, it was necessary to use shallow-draft boats of the KS-100 type - Skhodnya and Setun - to tow the scows.
2011
In July 2011, dredging work was carried out in the lower pool, in the water area adjacent to the hydroelectric complex.
2013
- In 2013, work continued. The riverbed was cleared with a floating crane "PK-141" along the right bank downstream from Syromyatnicheskaya to Serebryanicheskaya embankments.
- In November 2013, clearing of the Yauza riverbed began in the area of the Oleniy Bridge using the WATERMASTER dredger.
2014
In the spring of 2014, work continued in the area of the Matrossky Bridge. In April 2014, WATERMASTER began work in the Lefortovo Bridge area. A screening “plant” was installed on the shore near the bridge to process the slurry supplied from the dredger.
Ecology
The Yauza riverbed is filled with sediment and various debris. The river is heavily polluted with untreated sewage and petroleum products. The Yauza section from the mouth of Khapilovka (Elektrozavodsky Bridge) is especially heavily polluted. Cases of fish poisoning in the river have become more frequent. The water has a specific “Yauza” smell.
Back in the late 19th - early 20th centuries, the pages of the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary said:
« There are many factories and dyeing establishments along the banks of the Yaroslavl within the city and its immediate surroundings, as a result of which the river water is heavily polluted, colored and completely unfit for drinking.»;
Since then, according to environmentalists, the situation has only worsened in proportion to the growth of production and the population of Moscow.
Fauna
Of the fish in the upper reaches of the Yauza (in the Medvedkovo area), the most common are small roach and perch; In the lower reaches, the main fish is bleak; pike and even asp are occasionally found.
Photo gallery
Helpful information
Characteristic
- Length - 48 km. The length of the river within the capital is 27.6 km.
- The drainage basin area is 452 km².
- Average water consumption is 9.4 m³/s.
- The mouth of the Yauza is located in the center of Moscow, at.
buildings
Bridges over the Yauza
Within Moscow on the Yauza there is:
- 28 road,
- five railway bridges,
- two metro bridges:
- Preobrazhensky - between Sokolniki and Preobrazhenskaya Ploshchad stations,
- Medvedkovsky - between the stations "Babushkinskaya" and "Medvedkovo"; in this section, the metro overpass runs in a tunnel and is covered with earth, and heating plant pipes and a pedestrian alley are laid above the river on supports, so this bridge is hardly noticeable).
In total there are:
- six bridges on which the tram runs,
- seven - along which the trolleybus runs and
- 23 - pedestrian.
Tunnels under the Yauza
- The Lefortovo tunnel is part of the third transport ring with movement “counterclockwise” (the part that is “clockwise” crosses the Yauza on the bridge).
- Metro tunnels of the Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya metro line - on the stretch between Baumanskaya and Elektrozavodskaya stations.
- Metro tunnels of the Lyublinsko-Dmitrovskaya metro line - on the stretch between the Chkalovskaya and Rimskaya stations.
- Metro tunnels of the Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya metro line - on the stretch between the Kitay-Gorod and Taganskaya stations.
Buildings on the banks of the Yauza
On the right bank of the Yauza there are buildings of the Moscow State Technical University. N. E. Bauman.
Here (now not visible from the embankment) stands the Lefortovo Palace.
The Yauza is the largest tributary of the Moscow River, the second largest river in the capital (after the Moscow River). Yauza is located in the north-eastern and central part of Moscow. Length 48 km (within the city 29 km). The basin area is 452 km 2 (within the city 272 km 2). The average water flow is about 9.4 m 3 /s.
The river originates from the swamps on the territory of Losiny Ostrov. It crosses the city of Mytishchi, the villages of Taininka and Perlovka, after which it enters Moscow, where it receives numerous tributaries: on the right—
Chermyanka, Likhoborka, Kamenka, Goryachka, Kopytovka, Putyaevsky stream, Oleniy Stream, Rybinka, Chechera, Chernogryazka, Okhotnichiy Stream; from the left - Ichka, Budaika, Khapilovka, Sinichka, Zolotoy Rozhok, Golyanovsky stream , Leonovsky (Vysokovsky) stream . In Moscow, it flows in the Medvedkova and Babushkina districts, crosses the Okruzhnaya Railway, Prospekt Mira, the Yaroslavskoe, Kazanskoe and Kursk directions of the Moscow Railway, the Garden Ring; flows into the Moscow River at the Bolshoi Ustinsky Bridge.Yauza is known from the chronicle of 1156 as Auza. Etymologies of this name from Slavic and Finno-Ugric languages have been proposed. V.N. Toporov (1982) convincingly compares it with the Baltic names - Latvian. Auzes and the Latvian appellative auzajs, auzaine, etc. meaning “oat stalk, awn, straw.” An additional argument is the presence of the Stebelka River in the vicinity of the Yauza.
In parallel, there is a version that this is a distorted “ulcer” - a crack, erosion on the surface of the earth.
The Yauza Valley has interesting geomorphological features. Its width is commensurate with the river valley. Moscow, and in height corresponds to the 3rd terrace above the floodplain (Khodynskaya). The areas corresponding to the younger terraces (1st and 2nd) are extremely narrow. Therefore, it is assumed that the ancient Yauza valley (3rd terrace) was developed by a more powerful stream than the modern river. In essence, this means that the upper reaches of the Klyazma and Yauza were one river. This may explain the strange proximity of Klyazma to the modern source of the Yauza. In pre-Jurassic times, the analogue of the Yauza flowed much further to the east. The Yauza valley is not cut as deep as, for example, the valleys of the Moscow, Skhodnya or Setun rivers. This is reflected in the border position of the Yauza valley - between the Klinsko-Dmitrovskaya upland and the Meshcherskaya lowland. But there are riverside ledges here too. The high bank of the Yauza between the mouths of Khapilovka and Sinichka or only near the mouth of Sinichka was called the Vvedensky Mountains. The left bank below the mouth of the Golden Horn is Tagansky Hill. North slope of Tagansky Hill - Lyshchikova Mountain. Among the natural objects on the right bank of the Yauza were Shiryaevo Field (lower reaches of Sobachy Stream), Sokolnitskoye Field (above the mouth of Rybinka), Vasilyevsky Meadow (near the mouth of the Yauza).
In IX - XI centuries The Yauza had all-Russian transport significance, being part of the waterway from the south of Russia to Vladimir (along the upper reaches of the Oka, up the Nara, through the portage from Lake Poletsk to the upper reaches of the Moscow River, down the Moscow River to the mouth of the Yauza, up the Yauza, through the portage from the upper reaches of the Yauza to the Klyazma, down the Klyazma). The transport significance of the Yauza was due to the relative straightness of the waterway near the mouth (in comparison with Skhodnya) and the proximity of the upper reaches of the Klyazma. These features predetermined the successful development
the city of Moscow near the mouth of the Yauza.
In XII V. The Yauza lost its national transport significance, but for a long time remained an important waterway of the city. If from the banks of the river For a long time, Moscow was developed mainly by only one - the left one (protected from Tatar raids), then both banks of the small Yauza were built up almost equally. Later, it was along the Yauza that the city most quickly “stretched” with its numerous settlements away from the center and reached its maximum extent in this direction. This situation has persisted to this day: Moscow is slightly more extended from south to north than in other directions. We can assume that thanks to the Yauza, Moscow did not become a narrow riverside city
and over time was able to acquire a radial-ring structure, which turned out to be so convenient in many respects.
In the XIX century, during the period of rapid industrial development of Moscow, the banks of the Yauza are randomly built up, the river is polluted (jokingly called by Muscovites a citywide “ulcer”), but above the city it remains clean and attractive for summer residents for some time.
Mid XX century, work has been underway on the river to build embankments in the navigable section. ByGeneral Plan of 1935 Yauza was supposed to enterWater ring of Moscow . The plan included the construction of the Northern Canal (Khimki Reservoir- Yauza) and locking Yauza by building several low-pressure waterworks . In total, it was planned to build six waterworks: on the Northern Canal - a lock and a ship lift and four locks on the Yauza. Apparently the plan for a major reconstruction of the Yauza lasted until the mid-1960s. This can be judged by the construction of embankments, which was carried out until the early 1970s above the Rostokinsky aqueduct and above the Oleniy Bridge. The “planned” width of the channel (the distance between the walls of the embankments) is 20-25 m, which significantly exceeds the size of the Yauza channel in its natural state. However, this plan was not implemented except for construction in 1940 3 km from the river mouthSyromyatnichesky hydroelectric complex with shipping lock . It was built according to the design of the architect G.P. Goltz. The name of the waterworks was given by the nearbySyromyatnaya Sloboda(Syromyatniki ). Below the waterworks dam, on the right bank, garbage booms are installed. The mooring base for Mosvodostok ships is also located here. Garbage collected from the waters of the central part of the Moscow River and Yauza is loaded onto scows and transported to the base in Kuryanovo.
To “water” the Yauza in 1940, a small
Likhoborsky (Golovinsky) diversion canal , along which the Volga water passes throughMoscow Canal and the Khimki reservoir flows intoGolovinsky Ponds and further into the tributary of the Yauza Likhoborka . The canal ran along the route of one of the sections of the Northern Canal.In the 70s of the twentieth century, work was carried out in the Medvedkovo area to straighten the Yauza channel. They were caused by the complexity of the construction of the metro bridge of the new section of the Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya line of the Moscow Metro, as well as the proposed development of the right bank of the river (in the place where the old bed of the Yauza was located, two residential blocks were subsequently built between Shokalsky passage and Sukhonskaya street). Work to straighten the Yauza riverbed in the Medvedkovo area was completed in 1979.
But at the same time, city authorities began to take measures to save the river. The city sewer network was expanded, treatment plants were built on the tributaries of the Yauza, to which storm drains lead. The closure of some enterprises also contributed to the improvement of the Yauza region.
Much attention is paid to riverine vegetation - in 1991, the floodplain and above-floodplain part of the Yauza from the Moscow Ring Road to the Yaroslavl railway were declared natural monuments. A few years earlier, in 1987, the Leonovo and Stroganov estates received the same status.
In 2008, after a long break, dredging work on the Yauza River resumed. In two months, a section several hundred meters long was cleared along the right bank of the river on Rubtsovskaya embankment above the Hospital Bridge. In the upper tail of the Yauzsky hydroelectric complex at the lock and dam, the water area was cleared using a refuler dredger. In 2009, work was continued, but in small quantities. In 2010, selective clearing of the Yauza riverbed was carried out in the area of the Elektrozavodsky Bridge. In November 2013, clearing of the Yauza riverbed began in the area of the Oleniy Bridge; in the spring of 2014, work continued in the area of the Matrossky Bridge. In April 2014 - in the area of Lefortovo Bridge.
Now on the Yauza within the boundaries of Moscow there are the Old Sviblovo Park, the Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences with the Leonovsky Forest, Leonovo Park, Losiny Ostrov, Sokolniki, Lefortovo Park, Pervomaisky Park, the Usachev-Naidyonov Estate. The area from the Moscow Ring Road to the botanical garden has been cleared, but the river here is enclosed in artificial banks made of gabions.
In a relatively natural state, the channel and valley of the Yauza are preserved in the Main Botanical Garden, as well as in Losiny Ostrov near Sokolniki. Below Losiny Ostrov, the Yauza valley has been completely transformed, and only the parks that have not been built up are Pervomaisky, Lefortovo, and the park of the Usachev-Naydenov estate. In the last two, dense corydalis and some species of other spring forest ephemeral grasses are preserved. Corydalis dense is also present in the Yauza valley within Losiny Ostrov, but in small quantities. Interestingly, there is especially a lot of it in the park of the Usachev-Naydenov estate - closest to the city center. Of the waterfowl on the Yauza, mallard ducks are present in large numbers all year round. According to records from 1998-2000. on the river above the Krasnobogatyrsky Bridge, where the banks are natural, there are 12-16 broods. Especially many broods accumulate in July on Leonovsky Pond near Yauza.
Arkhipkina Anna
The Yauza is the largest tributary of the Moscow River, the second largest river in the city (after the Moscow River). Located in the north-eastern and central part of Moscow. Length 48 km (within the city 29 km). The basin area is 452 km2 (within the city 272 km2). Average water flow is about 9.4 m3/s.
It originates from the swamps on the territory of Losiny Ostrov. It crosses the city of Mytishchi, the villages of Taininka and Perlovka, after which it enters Moscow, where it receives numerous tributaries: on the right - Chermyanka, Likhoborka, Kamenka, Goryachka, Kopytovka, Putyaevsky Stream, Oleniy Stream, Rybinka, Chechera, Chernogryazka, Okhotnichiy Stream; on the left - Ichka, Budaika, Khapilovka, Sinichka, Zolotoy Rozhok, Golyanovsky Stream, Leonovsky (Vysokovsky) Stream. In Moscow, it flows in the Medvedkova and Babushkina districts, crosses the Okruzhnaya Railway, Prospekt Mira, the Yaroslavskoe, Kazanskoe and Kursk directions of the Moscow Railway, the Garden Ring; flows into the Moscow River at the Bolshoi Ustinsky Bridge.
Until the 18th century was known as part of the trade route from the Moscow basin to the Klyazma basin with a portage in the Mytishchi region. Keys in the upper reaches of the Yauza since the beginning of the 19th century. until the middle of the 20th century. were the basis of the first centralized Mytishchi water supply system. From the beginning of the 18th century. The banks of the Yauza from the mouth to Sokolniki were built up, the riverbed was blocked by numerous dams with mills, which heavily polluted the water. At the end of the 1930s. The riverbed of the Yauza was straightened and expanded almost twice (up to 30 m), granite embankments were built, and new bridges were built. In 1940, 3 km from the mouth, between the Razumovskaya and Zolotorozhskaya embankments, the Syromyatnichesky hydroelectric complex (with a sluice) was built, the dam of which raised the water level above the hydraulic complex by 2 m. From the mouth to the hydroelectric complex, the water level is maintained by the Perervinskaya dam on the Moscow River. In a relatively natural state, the Yauza valley is preserved only between Sokolniki and Losiny Ostrov, where it is partially covered with forest; in other places along the Yauza there are lowland swamps and wastelands with ruderal (weed) vegetation. The entire undeveloped part of the valley from the Moscow Ring Road to the Yaroslavl direction of the Moscow Railway was declared a natural monument in 1991. To water the Yauza from the Khimki Reservoir via the Likhoborsky Canal (through Golovinsky Ponds) and the river. Likhobork receives Volga water.
Yauza is known from the chronicle under 1156 as Auza. Etymologies of this name from Slavic and Finno-Ugric languages have been proposed. V.N. Toporov (1982) convincingly compares it with the Baltic names - Latvian. Auzes and the Latvian appellative auzajs, auzaine, etc. meaning “oat stalk, awn, straw.” An additional argument is the presence of the Stebelka River in the vicinity of the Yauza.
Due to severe pollution of the river, extensive work is underway to clean up the Yauza. Navigable for small ships from the mouth to Preobrazhenskaya Square. Within Moscow on the Yauza there are 14 road bridges, 6 railway bridges, 2 metro bridges, 1 tram bridge, 2 pedestrian bridges.
On the right bank of the Yauza there is the Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences, on the left bank, on the territory of Zayauzye, there is the Park of the Moscow District House of Officers. On the banks of the Yauza there were the villages of Medvedkovo, Sviblovo, Rostokino, Bogorodskoye, the settlements of Preobrazhenskaya, Sokolnicheskaya, Semyonovskaya (Vvedenskoye), Sinichkina, Kukuy (German settlement), Syromyatnicheskaya and Kotelnicheskaya, as well as a number of villages. Along the Yauza on the right bank were Shiryaevo Field, Sokolnichye Field and Vasilyevsky Meadow; on the left bank near the Semyonovskaya Sloboda the Vvedensky Mountains rose.