A class of ships capable of diving to depths and operating underwater is called submarines.

A surface ship, due to the action of buoyant force, is on the surface of the water. But in addition to being on the surface, a submarine must submerge, go at depth and surface.

Submarine buoyancy

One of the main seaworthy qualities of a submarine is buoyancy, thanks to which it can be in two positions: surface and underwater.

Buoyancy in physics they call the ability of a body immersed in a liquid to remain in equilibrium without plunging into or leaving the liquid. And the buoyancy of a ship is understood as its ability to stay afloat under a given load.

When on the surface, the buoyancy of a submarine is characterized by buoyancy reserve , that is, the percentage of waterproof volumes of submarines above the waterline to the entire waterproof volume. The higher its hull protrudes from the water, the greater the reserve of buoyancy.

W = V n / V o * 100

Where Vn - waterproof volume of the submarine above the waterline,

V o – the entire waterproof volume of the submarine.

In order for a submarine to be completely submerged in water, its reserve of buoyancy must become zero, or neutral. This means that, according to Archimedes' law, its weight must be equal to the weight of the displaced water. That is, the weight of the boat needs to be increased. But how to do that? It's very simple to take on board additional cargo. Submariners call it ballast. This becomes seawater, which is used to fill the ballast tanks on board the submarine.

But the volume of ballast must be calculated very accurately. After all, if the weight of the accepted cargo turns out to be greater than the weight of a fully submerged boat, it will not float in a submerged position, but will continue to dive until it reaches the ground, or its durable hull collapses.

After complete immersion, the boat changes its depth using rudders.

To ascend, the ballast is purged, that is, water is blown out of the ballast tanks with compressed air, reserves of which are always available on board. The weight of the boat becomes lighter. It acquires positive buoyancy and floats up.

In practice, both the weight of the submarine and the density of the water do not remain constant. And any, even the most insignificant difference between the weight of the submarine and the buoyancy force would force it to rise to the surface or sink to the bottom. To eliminate this situation, use horizontal rudders. They control the movement of the submarine in the vertical plane.

How does a submarine work?

The submarine dives to great depths, where the water pressure is enormous. Therefore, its body must be very durable.

A modern submarine has 2 hulls: water-permeable lightweight body And waterproof durable housing.

The lightweight hull is designed to give the boat perfect hydrodynamic shapes. When submerged, it has water inside it, so it doesn't need to be durable.

And the durable body, located inside the lung, is able to withstand enormous water pressure at great depths. The depth of the boat's immersion depends on how durable it is. Inside, the robust hull is divided by bulkheads into compartments . This is done for security reasons. If an emergency occurs: a hole or fire, the compartment is sealed. This increases the survivability of the ship.

There are various tanks on the submarine. They store supplies of drinking water, fuel, compressed air, etc.

Tanks that are filled with sea water and serve to change buoyancy are called main ballast tanks (Central City Hospital). They are divided into 3 groups: bow, stern and middle. They can be filled and vented simultaneously or independently of each other. Their volume is constant. However, in practice, the actual reserve of buoyancy and the calculated one may differ. In theory this is called residual buoyancy of a submarine . To eliminate the difference between the volume of the main ballast tanks and the volume of water that needs to be taken for complete immersion, use auxiliary ballast tanks . Residual buoyancy is extinguished by accepting or pumping water into surge tank .

For urgent diving use quick immersion tank . Ballast is taken into it, and the boat quickly sinks. The rapid submersion tank is then immediately purged with compressed air to remove the ballast.

After torpedoes or missiles exit, water enters the torpedo tubes or missile silos. It is poured into special torpedo and missile replacement tanks to maintain the overall load.

Surface movement of a diesel-electric submarine is ensured by diesel , which is both the engine and the generator drive. Generator generates electrical energy. His energy is stored accumulator battery . In an underwater position, it gives it away.

Energy source on a nuclear submarine - nuclear reactor .

Another source of energy on the submarine is compressed air. With its help, tanks are filled and purged, and torpedoes are fired. It serves as a source of oxygen. In case of emergency flooding of the compartments, they are blown out with compressed air.

Bathyscaphe submersible

The weight of the submarine increases by displacing water with compressed air. But at great depths, the air ceases to be “compressed”. It can no longer displace water from ballast tanks. And in the submersible submersible, a bathyscaphe, a heavy load is used as ballast, which allows it to dive, and is dropped when it is necessary to surface.

Like the submarine, the bathyscaphe has 2 hulls - light and durable . They call it easy float . Its compartments contain a substance lighter than water. The first bathyscaphes used gasoline. Later, composite material began to be used.

The crew, instruments and other systems are housed in a durable housing called gondola .

Bathyscaphes can dive to much greater depths than boats. They are capable of reaching extreme ocean depths.

Submarines are used for military operations both on the surface of the sea and for attacking surface and submarine ships from underwater.

The idea of ​​scuba diving with the help of a special ship originated quite a long time ago. In Russia, it was first put forward by the self-taught inventor E. Nikonov, who back in 1724 built a “hidden fire vessel” and proposed to thoroughly test it. However, for a number of reasons, the “hidden ship” he built was not used in military affairs, and after the death of the inventor it was forgotten.

There were many experiences in building submarines, but it was only at the beginning of the 20th century that a new type of shipbuilding finally became industrial. In 1903 - 1915, according to the designs of outstanding Russian designers I. G. Bubnov and M. P. Naletov, several submarines were created, which defined this type of ship. Already by the beginning of the First World War, submarines had become technically quite advanced warships. Of course, modern submarines are significantly different from their predecessors.

The hulls of submarines differ in many ways from the hulls of surface ships, both in their external outlines (contours) and in the design itself.

To ensure the least resistance of water to the movement of the submarine, its hull is made cylindrical (cigar-shaped) or semi-cylindrical in shape with smooth contours towards the bow and stern. The hull of some modern submarines is made in the shape of an elongated bean.

To ensure that a submarine can navigate at great depths and for long periods of time, its hull design is made stronger and more rigid than that of a surface ship. A huge thickness of sea water presses on the hull of the boat. So, if the submarine is at a depth of 10 m, then a column of water presses on every square centimeter of the hull surface with a force of 1 kgf, and at a depth of 100 m or more, the pressure increases to 10 kgf or more. The surface area of ​​a submarine is many millions of square centimeters. By multiplying the pressure by the size of this area, we will make sure that the submarine’s hull experiences pressure of tens of thousands of tons.

The design of a modern submarine consists of two hulls (Fig. 33); one of them (inner) is strong, sheathed with thick steel sheets, cylindrical, waterproof, and the other (outer) is lightweight, sheathed with thinner sheets of steel, the body does not completely surround the robust body. Such a boat is called a one-and-a-half-hull boat.

Rice. 33. Diagram of the submarine hull structure:

a – double-hull; b – one-and-a-half-hull: 1 – durable body; 2 – cabin; 3 – Hatches; 4 - cutting fence; 5 – superstructure; 6 - interbody space; 7 – bridge; 8 – main ballast tanks

Along its entire length, the submarine is divided by transverse bulkheads into separate watertight compartments. These compartments house all the mechanisms, batteries, torpedo tubes, fuel supplies, lubricating oils, fresh water and food.

The space between the two buildings is also divided by bulkheads into compartments in which the tanks are located. Some of the tanks are used to store liquid fuel for engines, the other part is used for water, with which they are filled when the submarine dives. These tanks are called main ballast tanks.

There are holes in the bottom of the tanks that are closed with special valves. These valves are called kingstons. If diving is necessary, the seacocks open and sea water flows through them into the ballast tanks. At the same time, valves in these tanks are opened to release air so that it does not interfere with the filling of the tanks.

When the main ballast tanks are filled with water, the main reserve of buoyancy of the boat is lost (extinguished), and it sinks into a positional position (“under the wheelhouse”). To further extinguish buoyancy (residual), water is taken into the surge tank, while the boat is immersed under the periscope. Its further immersion is carried out on the move using horizontal rudders installed in the bow and stern parts of the hull. The movement of the boat underwater is provided by electric motors powered by batteries.

To move the boat on the surface and charge the batteries, diesel engines are installed on it, which operate in the surface and periscope position of the boat.

The operation of diesel engines in the periscope position of a submarine is ensured by an RDP device (diesel operation under water), which has a retractable shaft that rises above the surface of the water. There are two channels in the shaft: one for sucking in fresh air necessary for the operation of diesel engines, the other for releasing exhaust gases into the water. The inlet of the air channel is closed with a float valve so that during waves the water does not flood the shaft.

Nuclear submarines can float underwater for an unlimited time, since the reactor does not need oxygen from the air.

All control of the submarine is concentrated in the center of the ship, in a room called the central control room. Measuring instruments, indicators and control handles, and speaking pipes are placed in strict order. The periscope pipes also descend here from above. Periscopes are used for observation from an underwater position: one - over the surface of the sea, the other, anti-aircraft - over the air.

The periscope has auxiliary devices. These include: rangefinder devices, devices used to determine the heading angles of a target, light filters, cameras, etc.

The central post contains control panels for electric or hydraulic steering drives. There are also dials for pressure gauges, compasses, depth gauges, inclinometer, and trim gauge. Here, in the hydroacoustics room, acoustic instruments are located, with the help of which, by the strength of the sound from the noise of the propellers and engines of a moving ship, one can determine where and at what distance the detected ship is located.

Rice. 34. General arrangement of premises and equipment of a foreign submarine: A - diagram of the general arrangement of premises, structure and weapons of a large diesel submarine: 1 - guns, 2 - deck; 3 - retractable radio masts; 4 – wheelhouse; 5 - bow periscope; b – conning tower; H - anti-aircraft periscope; 8 – range finder; 9 - stern periscope; 10 - signal mast; 11 - boat; 12 - muffler; 13 - main distribution station; 14 - shaft for supplying ammunition to the gun mount; 15, 16 - cockpits; 17, 19 - central control station; IS - felling fence; 20, 32 - refrigerators; 21 - bath; 22 - wardroom; 23 – commander’s cabin; 24 - fans; 25 - trim tank; 26 - bow horizontal rudder; 27- – anchor; 28 - torpedo tubes; 29 - spare torpedoes; 30 - batteries; 31, 42 - lining of the light (outer) hull); 33 - compressed air cylinders; 34 – radio room; 5-5 – fuel tanks; 36 - dynamos; 37 - auxiliary engines; 35 – charging cellar; 39 - main surface engines; 40 – ballast tanks; 41 – underwater electric motors; 43 - food pantry; 44 - cockpit; 45 - tiller compartment; 46 – new horizontal steering wheel; 47 - propeller; 48 – retractable RDP shaft.

B – RDP device: 1 – search radar receiver antenna; 2 - anti-location coating; h – exhaust pipe; 4 - suction pipe

In the bow and stern parts of the boat, torpedo tube tubes are built into its hull in several tiers (Fig. 35). The number of torpedo tubes on the boat ranges from 6 to 12. Spare torpedoes are stored on racks in the immediate vicinity.

The underwater propulsion motors are located in the stern. In the next compartment (towards the center) is the engine room. Internal combustion engines are installed here. Towards the bow of the central post are the officers' cabins and the radio room. Next is the crew quarters and behind it the bow torpedo tubes. Below, under the living quarters, there are batteries that power the underwater electric motors.

The compartments of the boat contain cylinders with compressed air up to 250 kgf/cm2. The role of compressed air on a submarine is great and very diverse. When the submarine submerges, the kingstons of the ballast tanks are opened using compressed air, and when the boat surfaces, water is also forced out of the tank using compressed air. To purify exhaust air (regenerate it) when the boat is sailing in a submerged position, special regeneration devices are installed on it.

Fig. 35 Location of torpedoes and periscope on a submarine, and - location of torpedoes in the bow of the submarine

1 – torpedo compartment with spare torpedoes, 2 – hatches in the watertight bulkhead of the torpedo compartment for supplying torpedoes to the tubes, 3 – compressed air cylinder for firing torpedoes, 4 – ejection of a torpedo from the tube 5 – rough torpedo tube, 6 – compressed air tank , 7 - hydrophone, 8 - anchor windlass, 9 - suspended rail track for loading torpedoes, 10 - spare torpedoes, 11 - drive for opening torpedo tube covers, 12 - front torpedo tube covers,

b – submarine periscope 1 – pipe with optics, 2 – cabinet with seals, 3 – lifting device

The regeneration unit absorbs carbon dioxide, and the oxygen necessary for breathing is supplied from spare cylinders. This creates normal living conditions for the boat’s personnel and thereby increases the time it spends under water.

When sailing on the surface, the boat is controlled by a vertical rudder.

Ensuring strength is the most difficult task and therefore the main focus is on it. In the case of a double-hull design, water pressure (excess 1 kgf/cm² for every 10 m depth) is taken over by robust housing, having an optimal shape to withstand pressure. Flow around is ensured light body. In some cases, with a single-hull design, a durable body has a shape that simultaneously satisfies both pressure resistance and streamlining conditions. For example, the hull of Drzewiecki’s submarine, or the British midget submarine, had this shape X-Craft.

Rugged Case (PC)

The most important tactical characteristic of a submarine - the depth of immersion - depends on how strong the hull is and what water pressure it can withstand. The depth determines the stealth and invulnerability of the boat; the greater the diving depth, the more difficult it is to detect the boat and the more difficult it is to hit it. Most important working depth- the maximum depth at which the boat can remain indefinitely without causing permanent deformation, and ultimate depth - the maximum depth to which the boat can still dive without destruction, albeit with residual deformations.

Of course, strength must be accompanied by water resistance. Otherwise, the boat, like any ship, simply will not be able to float.

Before going to sea or before a trip, during a test dive, the strength and tightness of the durable hull are checked on the submarine. Immediately before diving, a portion of the air is pumped out of the boat using a compressor (on diesel submarines - the main diesel engine) to create a vacuum. The command “listen in the compartments” is given. At the same time, the cut-off pressure is monitored. If a characteristic whistle of air is heard and/or the pressure quickly returns to atmospheric pressure, the pressure housing is leaking. After immersion in the positional position, the command “look around in the compartments” is given, and the body and fittings are visually checked for leaks.

Light body (LC)

The contours of the lightweight body provide optimal flow around the design stroke. In a submerged position, there is water inside the light body - the pressure is the same inside and outside it and there is no need for it to be durable, hence its name. The lightweight hull contains equipment that does not require isolation from outboard pressure: ballast and fuel (on diesel submarines) tanks, sonar antennas, steering rods.

Types of housing construction

• Single-hull: Main ballast tanks (CBT) are located inside a pressure hull. Lightweight body only at the extremities. The elements of the set, like a surface ship, are located inside a durable hull. The advantages of this design: savings in size and weight, correspondingly lower power requirements of the main mechanisms, better underwater maneuverability. Disadvantages: vulnerability of the durable hull, small reserve of buoyancy, the need to make the CGB durable. Historically, the first submarines were single-hulled. Most American nuclear submarines are also single-hulled.

• Double-hull(TsGB inside a light hull, the light hull completely covers the durable one): for double-hull submarines, the set elements are usually located outside the durable hull to save space inside. Advantages: increased buoyancy reserve, more durable design. Disadvantages: increased size and weight, more complex ballast systems, less maneuverability, including during diving and ascent. Most Russian/Soviet boats are built according to this design. For them, the standard requirement is to ensure unsinkability in the event of flooding of any compartment and the adjacent central hospital.

• One and a half hulls: (CGB inside a light body, the light body partially covers the durable one). Advantages of one-and-a-half-hull submarines: good maneuverability, reduced dive time with fairly high survivability. Disadvantages: less buoyancy reserve, need to place more systems in a durable hull. Medium submarines from the Second World War, for example, the German type VII, and the first post-war ones, for example, the Guppy type, USA, were distinguished by this design.

Superstructure

The superstructure forms an additional volume above the Central City Hospital and/or the upper deck of the submarine, for use in the surface position. It is made lightly and is filled with water in a submerged position. It can play the role of an additional chamber above the Central City Hospital, insuring the tanks from emergency filling. It also contains devices that do not require water resistance: mooring, anchor, emergency buoys. At the top of the tanks are ventilation valves(KV), under them - emergency latches(AZ). Otherwise, they are called the first and second constipation of the Central City Hospital.

Durable cabin

Mounted on top of a durable housing. Made waterproof. It is a gateway for access to the submarine through the main hatch, a rescue chamber, and often a combat post. It has upper And lower deckhouse hatch. Periscope shafts are usually passed through it. The strong deckhouse provides additional unsinkability in the surface position - the upper deckhouse hatch is high above the waterline, there is less danger of the submarine being flooded by waves, damage to the strong deckhouse does not violate the tightness of the durable hull. When operating under a periscope, the cabin allows you to enlarge it departure- the height of the head above the body, - and thereby increase the periscope depth. Tactically, this is more profitable - an urgent dive from under the periscope is faster.

Cabin fencing

Less commonly, fencing for retractable devices. Installed around a solid deckhouse to improve flow around it and retractable devices. It also forms the navigation bridge. Easy to do.

On November 2, 1996, in the city of Severodvinsk, the first (both in our country and in the world) nuclear strategic submarine belonging to the 4th generation was solemnly laid down. The new strategic missile submarine was named Yuri Dolgoruky. Research in the field of missile submarines, belonging to the new 4th generation, began in the USSR in 1978.

The direct development of the Project 955 nuclear submarine (code) was carried out by the Rubin Central Design Bureau, the chief designer for the project was V.N. Zdornov. Active work began in the late 1980s. By this time, the global situation had also changed, which left a certain imprint on the appearance of the new submarine. In particular, it was decided to abandon the exotic layout and gigantic dimensions that the Shark submarine had, returning to the “classical” design.

According to the initial plans, they planned to arm the new submarine missile carrier with a missile system created by the Makeevka company. The main armament was to be powerful solid-fuel Bark missiles, equipped with a new inertial-satellite target guidance system, which would significantly improve firing accuracy. But a series of unsuccessful test launches of the rocket and meager funding forced the designers to reconsider the composition of the missile carrier's missile armament.

In 1998, at the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering (MIT), which previously specialized in the design of ground-based strategic ballistic solid-fuel missiles (including the Courier, Pioneer, and Topol missiles), as well as anti-submarine missile systems (the famous Medvedka ") work began on creating a completely new missile system, which is known as. This complex should surpass its American counterpart, Trident II, in its accuracy in hitting targets and its ability to overcome enemy missile defenses.

The new naval missile is quite strongly unified with the Topol-M intercontinental ballistic missile in service with the Strategic Missile Forces, without being a direct modification of it. Significant differences in the characteristics of land-based and sea-based systems do not allow the development of a universal missile that would equally satisfy the requirements of the Strategic Missile Forces and the Navy.

The new sea-based missile, according to various sources, is capable of carrying from 6 to 10 individually targeted nuclear units, which have the ability to maneuver in pitch and yaw. The total throw weight of the rocket is 1150 kg. The maximum launch range is 8000 km, which is enough to hit almost all points in the United States with the exception of southern California and Florida. At the same time, during the last test launch, the rocket covered 9,100 km.

According to existing plans for the modernization of the Russian submarine fleet, the Project 955 Borei SSBN should become one of the 4 types of submarines that will be put into service. At one time, one of the features of the Soviet and then Russian fleet was the use of dozens of different modifications and types of submarines, which significantly complicated their repair and operation.

Currently, a contract has been signed between the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and USC - United Shipbuilding Corporation for the development of a modified version of the SSBN Project 955A "Borey". The contract for the development of boats amounted to 39 billion rubles. The construction of Project 955A submarines will be carried out in Severodvinsk at Sevmash Production Association. Submarines of the new project will have 20 Bulava SLBMs and an improved complex of computing facilities.

History of creation and design features

Starting from the late 80s, the Project 955 submarine was designed as a two-shaft SSBN, similar in design to the 667 BDRM Dolphin series submarines with a reduced height of ballistic missile silos for the Bark missile system. According to this project, a submarine with serial number 201 was laid down in 1996. In 1998, a decision was made to abandon the Bark SLBM in favor of creating a new solid-propellant missile, the Bulava, with different dimensions.

This decision led to the redesign of the submarine. At the same time, it became clear that the submarine would not be able to be built and put into operation within a reasonable time frame given the reduction in funding and the collapse of the USSR. The collapse of the USSR led to the cessation of supplies of specific grades of rolled metal produced by the Zaporozhye Steel Plant, which ended up on the territory of independent Ukraine. At the same time, when creating the boats, it was decided to use the backlog of unfinished submarines of projects 949A Antey and 971 Shchuka-B.

The movement of the submarine is carried out using a single-shaft water-jet propulsion system, which has propulsive qualities. Similar to the Project 971 Shchuka-B submarine missile carriers, the new submarine has retractable bow horizontal rudders with flaps, as well as two folding thrusters, which increased its maneuverability.

Submarines of the Borei project are equipped with a rescue system - a pop-up rescue chamber that can accommodate the entire crew of the submarine. The rescue chamber is located in the hull of the boat behind the SLBM launchers. In addition, the submarine missile carrier has 5 life rafts of the KSU-600N-4 class.

The hull of the Project 955 Borei submarine has a double-hull design. Most likely, the boat’s durable hull is made of steel with a thickness of up to 48 mm and a yield strength of 100 kgf/sq.mm. The submarine hull is assembled using the block method. The submarine's equipment is mounted inside its hull in shock-absorbing blocks on special shock absorbers, which are part of the overall structural system of a two-stage shock-absorbing system. Each of the shock-absorbing blocks is isolated from the submarine’s hull using rubber-cord pneumatic shock absorbers. The bow end of the PLA deckhouse fence is made with an inclination forward, this is done to improve the flow around it.

The submarine's hull is covered with a special rubber anti-hydroacoustic coating, and its design likely incorporates active noise reduction measures. According to A.A. Dyachkov, general director of the Rubin Central Design Bureau, Project 955 Borei submarines are 5 times less noisy than Project 949A Antey or 971 Shchuka-B submarines.

The hydroacoustic armament of the submarine is represented by the MGK-600B “Irtysh-Amphora-Borey” - a single automated digital sonar system, which combines both the sonar system itself in its purest sense (echo direction finding, noise direction finding, target classification, GA communications, detection of GA signals), as well as all hydroacoustic stations of the so-called “small acoustics” (measurement of the speed of sound, measurement of ice thickness, mine detection, torpedo detection, search for ice holes and floods). It is assumed that the range of this complex will exceed the SAC of American Virginia-class submarines.

The submarine is equipped with a nuclear power plant (NPP), most likely with a VM-5 water-cooled thermal neutron reactor or a similar one with a power of about 190 MW. The reactor uses the PPU control and protection system – “Aliot”. According to as yet unconfirmed information, a new generation nuclear power plant will be installed on the boats of this project. To propel the submarine, a single-shaft steam block steam turbine unit with an OK-9VM main turbo-gear unit or a similar one with improved shock absorption and a power of approximately 50,000 hp is used.

To improve maneuverability, the Project 955 Borei submarine is equipped with 2 thruster PG-160 two-speed electric propulsion motors, each with a power of 410 hp. (according to other sources, 370 hp). These electric motors are located in retractable columns at the rear of the submarine.

The main armament of the boat is solid-fuel ballistic missiles R-30 "Bulava", created by the Moscow Institute of Thermal Engineering. The shipborne combat launch complex (KBSC) was created at the State Research Center named after. Makeeva (city of Miass). The first Project 955 Borey boats will carry 16 Bulava SLBMs, while the Project 955A boats will carry up to 20 units.

In addition to missiles, the boat has 8 bow 533-mm torpedo tubes(maximum ammunition capacity of 40 torpedoes, missile-torpedoes or self-transporting mines). USET-80 torpedoes and Vodopad missiles can be used from the boat. There are also 6 disposable non-rechargeable 533-mm launchers REPS-324 “Barrier” for launching hydroacoustic countermeasures, which are located in the superstructure (similar to Project 971 boats). Ammunition - 6 self-propelled hydroacoustic countermeasures: MG-104 “Throw” or MG-114 “Beryl”.

As of May 2011, it was known that, starting with the 4th hull of Project 955 Borey submarines (conditionally Project 09554), the shape of the boat’s hull would change, which would become closer to the originally conceived appearance of the submarines. It is likely that these boats will be built without using the backlog that remained from the submarine of Project 971. It is planned to abandon the double-hull design in the bow compartments of the SSBN.

Along with the bow antennas of the Irtysh-Amphora SJSC, long-haul hull antennas of the SJSC will be used. It is planned to move the torpedo tubes closer to the center of the hull and make them onboard. The front depth rudders are going to be moved to the wheelhouse. The number of launch shafts is planned to be increased to 20, with a reduction in the size of the permeable superstructure in the area of ​​the shafts. The power plant will also undergo modernization, which will be unified with other 4th generation submarines.

Main performance characteristics of boats:
Crew - 107 people (including 55 officers);
Maximum length – 170 m;
Maximum width – 13.5 m;
Hull draft is average – 10 m;
Underwater displacement – ​​24,000 tons;
Surface displacement – ​​14,720 tons;
Submarine speed – 29 knots;
Surface speed - 15 knots;
Maximum immersion depth – 480 m;
Working depth of immersion – 400 m;
Navigation autonomy – 90 days;
Armament - 16 launchers of R-30 "Bulava" missiles, on Project 955A boats - 20PU, 8x533 torpedo tubes.

/Based on materials militaryrussia.ru And vadimvswar.narod.ru /

The external appearance of a submarine (submarine) gives an idea of ​​its size and contours, double-hull design, set of retractable devices, steering and rescue devices. Through the bow entrance hatch you can see that the streamlined, complex-configured lightweight body is the outer shell of a cylindrical strong body. Compressed air tanks and various pipelines are located between the buildings.

In the bow of the boat, in a protruding bulb, the antenna of the Tuloma hydroacoustic station (GAS) is located. Here, above the light body, rises the radome of the MG-15 GAS antenna. The sonar is the only means of orientation, communication, target detection and weapon guidance of a submarine underwater.

A wheelhouse fence is installed in the middle of the submarine's hull. Being a streamlined upward extension of the light hull, it encloses the cylindrical conning tower. Instruments and mechanisms for controlling the boat in the surface position are also located here.

Retractable devices protrude from the wheelhouse fencing:

1-attack periscope, 2-anti-aircraft periscope, 3-RDP device (diesel operation under water), 4-PMU AP SORS "Nakat", 5-PMU AP radio direction finder "Zavesa", 6-PMU AP RAS "Flag", 7- PMU VAN, 8-gas exhaust, 9-PMU “Iva-MV”

At the stern there is a polished coaming platform ring with an access hatch. This platform is intended for landing underwater rescue vehicles on it in the event that the submarine has suffered an accident and has lost the ability to surface.

Going down through the bow hatch into the boat, we find ourselves in the first compartment. There is an exhibition here "From the history of the Russian submarine fleet", reflecting the main milestones of this history in models, photographs, and texts. The exhibition and the internal elements of the submarine form a single whole. Six tubes of 533-mm bow torpedo tubes, a torpedo firing control device, and racks with spare torpedoes are also located here in two rows: in total, including the spare ones, the boat carried 22 torpedoes.

The second compartment contains the commander's and officers' cabins, a wardroom, a hydroacoustics cabin, where the central instruments of the Tuloma sonar station, the Arktika-M sonar station (GLS), and a radio reconnaissance cabin are installed.

The third compartment is the central post. The compartment is filled to the limit with instruments and devices that are used to control the movement of the boat, diving and ascent, and weapons. Periscope eyepieces come out here, there are indicators of radar stations (radars) “Flag”, “Nakat”, navigational equipment: gyrocompass “Kurs-5”, log “LR-2”, echo sounder NEL-5, echo meter EL-1, radio direction finder ARP -53.

In the fourth compartment there is a foremen's wardroom, a galley, a radio communication room, where radio receivers and radio transmitters of the VHF, HF and DV ranges, and ultra-high-speed communication equipment “Akula-2DP” are installed.

The fifth compartment contains three 2D42 diesel engines with a power of 1900 hp each. each, operating when the submarine is moving on the surface and providing a speed of up to 16 knots.

In the next compartment, three underwater electric motors are installed: two - PG-101, with a power of 1350 hp each. and one - PG-102, with a power of 2700 hp, as well as an electric motor for economic propulsion PG-104 with a power of 140 hp.

The last, seventh, is the aft torpedo compartment. Four 533-mm torpedo tubes, a torpedo firing control device, and personnel bunks are installed here. There is also an exhibition dedicated to the tragic pages of the history of the Russian fleet - the death of the nuclear submarines Komsomolets and Kursk. The flagpole from the Komsomolets, photographs taken by underwater vehicles at the site of the sinking of the boat, fragments of the light and durable hull of the Kursk remind us of the tragic days.

In 1963, the RM-2 bottom anchor-propelled pop-up mine was put into service. It was created at the Gidropribor Research Institute. The diameter of the mine is 533 mm, length 3.9 m, weight 900 kg, explosive weight 200 kg. The depth of the mine is 4–300 m. The fuse is active acoustic. The mine was placed from submarine torpedo tubes.

During the testing of the RM-2 and PM-2 mines, deep-sea firing modes from submarine torpedo tubes were tested using the GS-45, GS-80 and GS-100 firing systems.

1-mine body, 2-ignition device, 3-explosive charge, 4-jet engine, 5-anchor.

The RM-2 and RM-2G mines had a straight trajectory of movement of their warhead (missile) towards the target. Such mines, together with the explosive charges placed in them, after testing the non-contact sonar separator, which determines the depth of the target, were launched towards it using their own jet engine. The mines were detonated in close proximity to the target using a contact or hydrostatic fuse. These mines are highly reliable and effective. Attack time is a matter of seconds. Attempts to produce these mines by other countries have been unsuccessful.

In 1965, the RM-2G submarine anchored rocket-propelled mine with non-contact deep-sea equipment entered service. It replaced the RM-2 mine that had previously been put into service.

Anti-ship torpedo. A version of the 53-65 torpedo with an oxygen heat engine using serial components and solutions from torpedoes 53-56, 53-57, 53-58, 53-56VA and 53-61 was developed on the initiative of the Design Bureau of the S.M. Kirov Machine-Building Plant (Alma-Ata) by decision of the director of the plant P.Kh.Rezchik. Without technical specifications, research and development work. Chief designer - at the preliminary design stage - K.V. Selikhov, later - D.S. Ginsburg. (in some sources - Ginzburg), deputy chief designer - Barybin E.M. An experimental torpedo was fired on Lake Issyk-Kul and on the Black Sea. The author's certificate for torpedo No. 33583 was issued on April 22, 1966. In 1967, tests were carried out on a torpedo with an optical homing system, which turned out to be inoperative. Officially put into service in 1969. The first production batch of 100 torpedoes was produced by the plant in 1970 and sent to the fleet. In 1970-1971 During the operation of torpedoes in Vladivostok, due to a design flaw, a torpedo exploded with casualties. The shortcomings were corrected and mass production was resumed in 1972. The torpedo was distinguished by its simplicity of design and low cost with acceptable performance characteristics and was widely used in the USSR Navy.

Design.

1-ballast, 2-explosive charge, 3-fuzes, 4-cylinder with compressed air, 5-tank with fresh water, 6-tank with kerosene,

7-heater, 8-piston engine, 9-gyroscopic heading device

When designing the torpedo, the following units and components of serial torpedoes were used:

Oxygen tract and hydrostatic apparatus from torpedoes 53-56;
- turbine and aft compartment from peroxide torpedo 53-57;
- a combat charging compartment with homing equipment and a proximity fuse from a peroxide torpedo 53-61;
- practical charging compartment from torpedo 53-61;

The control and guidance system - on all modifications of the 53-65 torpedo - is an active acoustic homing system (AHS) with vertical locating of the wake. Chief designer E.B. Parfenov was awarded the USSR State Prize for the creation of a torpedo, leading designer - Kabin Yu.P. Telecontrol is not used. Non-contact electromagnetic fuse, lead designer - Skorobogatov A.T. The chief designer of control devices is V.A. Parkhomenko.

During the design and modernization, the 53-65K torpedoes were supposed to be equipped with an optical SSN S-380 with wake guidance with a high degree of protection from enemy acoustic countermeasures. The SSN S-380 was allegedly put into service by Order of the USSR Ministry of Defense No. 205 of July 20, 1964. In 1967, tests were carried out on a torpedo with an optical homing system, which turned out to be inoperative.

The depth of travel of the torpedo was controlled by a hydrostatic apparatus and depended on the counteracting force of compression of the apparatus spring on one side and water pressure on the other. One turn of the key in the installation head when compressing the spring corresponds to 0.33 m of depth. The exit to a given depth of travel is stepwise; when leaving the TA of a surface ship, the torpedo drops a “bag” (deepens), the horizontal rudders are on the stopper, in the “immersion” position.

There are 5 degrees of protection against self-launching torpedoes (in order of removal):
1. Shut-off valves (oxygen and air) on the valve block. The torpedoes are opened manually before firing with a special key through a special TA neck.
2. Stopper on propellers. It is removed manually when loading the torpedo into the torpedo tube.
3. Stoppers (2 pcs) on the combustion chamber squibs. Removed manually when loading into TA
4. Stopper on the retarder (only for surface ships). It is removed manually when loading into the TA.
5. MK - machine valve, opens automatically special. by capturing the torpedo when the torpedo exits the apparatus

Engine: 53-65K - thermal oxygen turbine engine 2TF developed by the Scientific Research Institute "Morteplotekhnika"; the engine is controlled by an automatic shutdown, which turns off the propulsion unit when the turbine blade rotation speed exceeds 8,000 rpm.
Fuel components - kerosene, sea water, oxygen
Engine power - 550 kW

Performance characteristics of the torpedo:

Storage life of torpedoes in TA carriers:
- 3 months (53-65, 53-65A, 53-65M)
- 12 months (53-65K, oxygen)

Modifications:
- 53-65K (1969) - the basic version of the 53-65 torpedo with an oxygen heat engine.

53-65K practical - a version of the 53-65K torpedo for firing practice. The practical torpedo 53-65K differed from the combat one in the ballast compartment with a capacity of 120 liters, the cooling of the steam gas before exhaust eliminated the burning of the exhaust valves of the turbine compartment, and other modifications to ensure the unsinkability of the practical torpedo. The first production batch of 100 pieces was produced by the S.M. Kirov plant (Alma-Ata) in 1972.

Experimental 53-65K - research into reducing hydrodynamic resistance using polymer solutions on torpedoes began in 1967. In 1971, based on the SET-65 torpedo, a laboratory torpedo was created, which at the moment of injection of the solution increased the speed by 7 knots (from 40 knots up to 47 kts). This was a record result at that time. The implementation of this method required the implementation of a system for supplying a polymer solution to the surface layer. The energy effect, taking into account the “constant” displacement, was 20-25%. But the systems were not put into service. The research culminated in successful tests on the 53-65K torpedo. As a result, work was continued on the research submarine Project 1710 with a polymer drag reduction system.

53-65KE (1984) - export version of the torpedo, developed by SKB plant named after. S.M.Kirova (Alma-Ata).

53-65K mod. (2011) - a modernized version of the 53-65K torpedo, developed by the S.M. Kirov Machine-Building Plant in Alma-Ata and offered to India and Russia. It is planned to modernize previously released torpedoes. For the first time, torpedoes were shown to the customer (Indian Navy) at the Issyk-Kul training ground in 2011.

Carriers: 53-65K - submarines and surface ships.

Loading torpedoes.

British Navy submarine HMS Upholder ("Ally")

Submarines float on the water surface without any difficulty. But unlike all other ships, they can sink to the bottom of the ocean and, in some cases, swim in its depths for months. The whole secret is that the submarine has a unique double-hull design.

Between its outer and inner buildings there are special compartments, or ballast tanks, which can be filled with sea water. At the same time, the total weight of the submarine increases and, accordingly, its buoyancy, that is, the ability to float on the surface, decreases. The boat moves forward due to the operation of the propeller, and horizontal rudders, called hydroplanes, help it dive.

The submarine's internal steel hull is designed to withstand enormous water pressure, which increases with depth. When submerged, trim tanks located along the keel help keep the ship stable. If it is necessary to surface, then the submarine is emptied of water, or, as they say, the ballast tanks are purged. Navigation aids such as periscopes, radar, (radar), sonar (sonar) and satellite communications systems help the submarine follow the desired course.

In the image above, a cross-section of the 2,455-ton, 232-foot-long British attack submarine can travel at 20 mph. While the boat is at the surface, its diesel engines generate electricity. This energy is stored in batteries and then used in scuba diving. Nuclear submarines use nuclear fuel to turn water into superheated steam to run its steam turbines.

How does a submarine sink and surface?

When a submarine is on the surface, it is said to be in a state of positive buoyancy. Then its ballast tanks are mostly filled with air (near picture on the right). When submerged (middle picture on the right), the ship becomes negatively buoyant as air from the ballast tanks exits through the release valves and the tanks are filled with water through the water intake ports. To move at a certain depth while submerged, submarines use a balancing technique where compressed air is pumped into ballast tanks while the water intake ports are left open. At the same time, the desired state of neutral buoyancy occurs. To ascend (far right), water is pushed out of the ballast tanks using compressed air stored on board.

There is little free space on the submarine. In the top picture, the sailors are eating in the wardroom. In the upper right corner is an American submarine on the surface. On the right in the photo is a cramped cockpit where submariners sleep.

Clean air underwater

On most modern submarines, fresh water is made from sea water. And supplies of fresh air are also made on board - by decomposing fresh water using electrolysis and releasing oxygen from it. When the submarine cruises near the surface, it uses hooded snorkels - devices placed above the water - to take in fresh air and throw out exhaust air. In this position, above the conning tower, the boats are in the air, in addition to snorkels, a periscope, a radio communication antenna and other superstructure elements. The air quality on the submarine is monitored daily to ensure proper oxygen levels. All air passes through a scrubber, or scrubber, to remove contaminants. Exhaust gases exit through a separate pipeline.

Introduction

If you carefully study the history of the Soviet Navy, it is the quantitative indicators that catch your eye - the Soviet submarine fleet was numerous. It is clear that the basis of the Soviet fleet was not super-submarines, but simple and cheap boats of mass production.

From the mid-60s to the early 80s, the construction of three series of multi-purpose nuclear boats of project 671-671, 671RT and 671RTM with a total number of (15+7+26) 48 units made it possible to saturate all ocean-going fleets with modern submarines. The six hundred and seventy-first series was supplemented by missile carriers of projects 670A and 670M (11+6 = 17 units) designed and built at the Krasnoye Sormovo plant in the city of Gorky - small single-reactor ships, considered the quietest boats of the 2nd generation. The fleet also received very specific Lyras - high-speed submarines of Project 705 (7 units). This made it possible to create a group of 70 modern multi-purpose nuclear-powered ships by the mid-70s.

Although the boats were distinguished by mediocre characteristics, due to their large numbers they provided combat service for the USSR Navy in all corners of the planet. Let us note that this is precisely the path that the United States is following, building a huge series of inexpensive simple boats such as Los Angeles (62 boats), and at the moment Virginia (plan 30, 11 in service).

Budget nuclear submarine concept
for the Russian Navy

Academician Spassky, in his article in the magazine “Military Parade” in 1997, indicated that the Russian fleet needs about a hundred submarines. Approximately, 15 strategic missile carriers, 15-20 missile cruisers with cruise missiles and 30-40 diesel-electric submarines are needed. The remaining boats (40-50 units) should be nuclear-powered multi-purpose.

The problem is that there are no similar boats in Russia. The construction of Project 971 and 945 nuclear submarines has been stopped and there is no point in restoring them. Project 885 nuclear submarines are being built in a small series - a series of 8 units has been announced by 2020. At the same time, their price - from 30 to 47 billion rubles and the construction time - one boat in 5-8 years does not allow having many such boats. Diesel-electric boats - which are now fashionable to call non-nuclear - are too small and cannot go to sea for a long time. There are currently no intermediate projects between a 2000 ton boat and a 9500 ton boat.

There have been discussions about the need for such a boat for a long time, but so far nothing concrete has appeared. For example, variants of the 885 project without a missile compartment were proposed, but it quickly became clear that such a project would not reduce the cost/increase the series/construction time. The fleet will simply get a worse boat for the same money. The option of a “Russian Rubis” was also considered - i.e. a small boat with full electric propulsion, but such proposals were rejected by the French themselves, who are currently building a nuclear submarine of normal size. European (for example, English) experience is also not capable of helping.

Therefore, I decided to figure out on my own what such a boat should be like.

In my opinion, the concept of a budget nuclear submarine should be as follows:

1. To reduce the weight and size characteristics and cost of the nuclear power plant, we are reducing the required full speed from 31-33 to 25 knots, which will reduce the maximum power of the power plant by 2.5 times compared to 3rd generation boats. Those. up to 20 thousand hp The fact is that when the boat moves at maximum speed, due to the roar of the water, it loses both stealth and the ability to detect targets. At the same time, reducing the power of the power plant reduces the weight and spends the saved weight on strengthening the weapons. In our case, for a missile compartment with 16 missiles.
2. Refusal from extreme quantitative duplication of systems, as well as from an increased reserve of buoyancy (we will have it in the region of 16%), and a rescue chamber.
3. Reducing the maximum diving depth from 600 to 450 meters compared to 3rd generation boats, which will reduce the weight of the hull.
4. The one and a half building architecture is the same as in Severodvinsk. The 2nd and 3rd compartments – residential and control – have a single-hull architecture. The rest are double-hulled.
5. Armament - combined - UVP for missiles and torpedo tubes for torpedoes. Moreover, the TA is of two calibers: large - for combat torpedoes and small - for anti-torpedoes and means of active hydroacoustic jamming.
6. The torpedo tubes have a classic location for the Soviet fleet - in the upper hemisphere in the bow. Because now the boat has not only a spherical antenna in the bow, but also on-board conformal antennas.
7. The boats should be built at second-tier factories in St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod and Komsomolsk-on-Amur, the construction period for a serial boat is no more than three years, the cost is 18-20 billion rubles.

The structure of a nuclear submarine

The Project P-95 multi-purpose nuclear submarine is designed to combat enemy shipping, enemy ship groups, submarines, strike coastal targets, carry out mine laying, and conduct reconnaissance.

Just like on 3rd generation boats, all the main equipment and combat stations are located in amor-ti-zi-ro-van-zonal blocks -kah. Amor-ti-za-tion greatly reduces the acoustics of the ship, and also allows you to protect the boat from underwater explosions.

First compartment- torpedo, in its upper half there are the breech parts of the torpedo tubes and all the ammunition on automated racks. Below it there is a room with racks of radio-electronic weapons equipment, a ventilation and air conditioning compartment. Below them are holds and a battery pit.

Second and third compartments– management and residential. On the first and second decks are the main command post, wheelhouses, and equipment for the combat information and control system (CIUS); the third and fourth decks are occupied by residential, public and medical spaces. In the hold there is all kinds of equipment, air conditioning and general ship systems. The second compartment houses all the lifting and mast devices, and the third contains a diesel generator.

Fourth compartment– rocket. It contains 4 strong shafts in each of which there are 4 transport and launch containers with cruise missiles. The compartment also houses various equipment and storage areas.

Fifth compartment- reactor. The reactor itself with its equipment is isolated from the rest of the boat by biological protection. The PPU itself, together with the systems, is suspended on cantilever beams embedded in the bulkheads.

Sixth compartment- turbine. It consists of a block steam turbine unit and an autonomous turbogenerator and refrigeration machines of the steam turbine unit. The block stands on an intermediate frame through shock absorbers, which is secured to special racks through a second cascade of shock absorbers. Also in this compartment there is located on a special shock-absorbed platform a reversible low-speed electric motor and a coupling that allows you to disconnect the GTZ.

Seventh compartment- auxiliary mechanisms. A shaft line passes through it with the main thrust bearing in the bow and the propeller shaft seal in the stern. The compartment is double decked. It also contains a tiller compartment, which houses hydraulic steering machines, as well as tillers and the ends of the rudder stocks.

Above the second and third compartments there is a fence for the wheelhouse and retractable devices. In the stern, four stabilizers form the stern tail. The main entrance to the submarine is through the wheelhouse fence. In addition, there are auxiliary and repair hatches above the first fifth and seventh compartments.

The main propulsion device is a seven-blade low-speed propeller with a diameter of 4.4 meters. Auxiliary – two retractable columns with a power of 420 hp each. providing speeds up to 5 knots.

It was decided to abandon the installation of water jets due to lower efficiency and lower efficiency at low speeds.

Powerplant and equipment

The boat has characteristics exceeding the requirements for the fourth generation of submarines. Those. corresponds to generation 4+.

To ensure low noise in our project, we are moving away from the traditional traction for the Soviet fleet to high-power power plants with low specific gravity. Multi-purpose boats of the 2nd generation had two 70 MW reactors and a turbine with a capacity of 31 thousand horsepower, boats of the third - 190 MW and 50 thousand horsepower. At the same time, it is known that the mass of power plants of the 2nd and 3rd generations is approximately the same and is in the region of 1000 tons (according to various estimates from 900 to 1100 tons) - only the specific gravity is different - the mass of one horsepower.

So, we are deliberately going to reduce the power of the power plant and refuse unification with power plants of other types. At the same time, in addition to reducing power, we are also simplifying the power plant circuit. This approach makes it possible to reduce the dimensions and dimensions of the power unit, increasing the number of weapons, while due to the increase in specific characteristics, the aggregate reliability increases. Plus, since the power unit is of lower power, it makes less noise, costs less and is more reliable.

The Kikimora power plant includes:

• one nuclear reactor with a capacity of 70 MW, with two steam generators, one primary circuit pump on each. Approximately this nuclear reactor design is used on American Virginia-class nuclear submarines. The reactor can operate in low-noise mode with natural circulation at 20% of the nominal power, providing steam only to the boat's turbogenerator.
• one GTZA with a single-casing steam turbine and a planetary gearbox with a shaft power of 20,000 hp. At the same time, when moving under the turbine, the propulsion electric motor works as a generator, which allows you to turn off the steam generator and go under only one unit.
• reversible electric propulsion motor for low-noise running with a power of 1500 kW. Installed in front of the turbine, i.e. The GTZA can be turned off and run only under the turbogenerator and electric motor, or, on the contrary, you can turn on the GTZA and turn off the turbogenerator, then the propulsion electric motor works as a generator. Having only one working device eliminates resonances and reduces the noise of the boat.
• one low-noise autonomous turbogenerator with a power of 3500 kW. In this case, the turbogenerator is located along the axis of the boat, the plane of the boat - under the turbine on the same shock-absorbing platform, only from below. This scheme ensures minimization of the noise emitted by the generator and allows you to obtain minimal noise when driving under an electric motor in low-noise mode. At the same time, both ATG and GTZA each use their own fittings - capacitors, refrigerators, pumps, etc. Including feedwater supplies. This allows you to increase the reliability of the power plant and the autonomy of the boat.
• one diesel generator with a capacity of 1600 kW. Located in compartment 3. One large battery in the first compartment and 3 small batteries in compartments 2, 3 and 7.

Electronic weapons

The composition of radio-electronic weapons is classic. The boat is armed with a sonar system with several antennas and retractable devices. Reception of information from all devices and control of weapons is carried out by an integrated combat information and control system.

The hydroacoustic complex of a submarine consists of:

• bow spherical antenna with a diameter of 4.4 meters
• two onboard low-frequency conformal antennas
• high-frequency anti-mine sonar in the bow of the cabin
• towed low frequency antenna
• non-acoustic wake detection systems for surface ships

Retractable devices: (from bow to stern)

• universal optronic periscope - in addition to several optical channels, it is equipped with a laser rangefinder and a thermal imager.
• multi-purpose digital communications complex – provides both terrestrial and space communications in several bands.
• radar/electronic warfare complex - is a multifunctional radar with a phased array antenna, capable of detecting both surface and air targets, with the additional ability to jam.
• RDP is a device for operating a diesel engine under water.
• digital passive electronic reconnaissance complex - instead of old direction finders. It has a wider range of applications and, thanks to its passive operating mode, is not detected by enemy RTR equipment.

Armament

As mentioned above, thanks to the light power plant and lightweight hull, the boat has extremely powerful weapons for its size, amounting to 56 weapons with a standard load. At the same time, anti-ship missiles and anti-submarine missile-torpedoes are launched from the UVP. Torpedoes are launched from torpedo tubes.

The armament of a nuclear submarine consists of:

• 16 launchers in 4 strong shafts located in the midship area of ​​the ship. These are not "Onyxes", they did not fit in length. In our case, we use three times cheaper solid-fuel anti-ship missiles and vertical-launch missile-torpedoes (they are solid-fuel initially). The anti-ship missile has a mass of 2.5 tons, transonic speed and a flight range of 200 km with a warhead of 450 kilograms, an anti-submarine missile-torpedo has a range of 35 km (more is not needed for a boat) and a warhead in the form of a 324-mm torpedo or underwater missile .
• Four 605-mm torpedo tubes with ammunition of 20 torpedoes - 4 in the torpedo tubes and 16 on mechanized racks. The increase in the caliber of torpedoes is due to the desire to increase the capabilities of the torpedo without increasing the length. If an ordinary Soviet torpedo has a caliber of 533 mm and a length of 7.9 meters, then our torpedo, with almost the same length (8 meters), is thicker and heavier by a ton (i.e. weighs three tons). There are two types of torpedoes in ammunition - the first has a heavy warhead weighing 800 kg (modern supertankers are so huge that they require large warheads), the second has a high speed and range - 50 knots/50 km.
• Also, instead of some torpedoes, the boat can take up to 64 mines of various types.
• Four 457-mm torpedo tubes designed to launch anti-torpedoes, hydroacoustic jammers, simulators and small anti-mine torpedoes. Ammunition - 4 torpedoes in TA and 16 in two echelons in mechanized racks. Instead of 16 small torpedoes, the racks can accommodate 4 large torpedoes. The mini-torpedo has a length of 4.2 meters and a mass of 450 kilograms, a firing range of up to 15 kilometers, and a warhead mass of 120 kilograms.
• Six Igla MANPADS with a supply of missiles.

Crew and habitability

The boat's crew consists of 70 people, including 30 officers. This practically corresponds to Project 971 boats, where the crew is 72-75 people. There are about 100 people on the boats of Project 671RTM and Project 885. For comparison, on American Virginia-type boats the crew is 120 people, and on Los Angeles boats in general - 140. All personnel are housed in single-occupancy cabins and small cockpits. For meals and other events, two wardrooms are used - the officer's and the midshipman's. The boat is equipped with a medical unit, showers and a sauna. All living quarters are located in the 2-3rd compartments on decks 2 and 3.

Comparison with competitors

Compared to its direct predecessor - the 671rtm project - the boat became almost 12 meters shorter, thicker and lost 6 knots of speed. By reducing the weight of the power plant (by 200-250 tons), it became possible to strengthen the armament with a compartment with anti-ship missiles. With almost the same underwater displacement, due to a reduction in the reserve of buoyancy (i.e. water) by 900 tons, habitable volumes increased, which made it possible to improve habitability conditions. Noise has decreased radically. The detection range of low-noise targets has also increased. The autonomy remained at the same level, but the accommodation conditions for the crew have become better, while the boat is better in operation, which will increase the utilization factor from 0.25 to 0.4.

Compared to its classmate - Project 885 - the boat of Project P-95 has one and a half times less displacement and one and a half to two times (depending on the number of ships in the series) less cost. There is an opinion that in low-noise mode when moving under an electric motor, the boat will be quieter even than Project 885.

The P-95 project looks very worthy against the background of the American Virginia-class boat. At least in duel situations, our ship will not be inferior to the American one.

Kikmora Kalugina

Based on this project, a nuclear submarine project was created that was more in line with the realities of the Russian fleet - the K-95K project or the Kikimora Kalugin. About her in a separate article.

Submarines are a class of ships that are capable of moving and performing other actions completely autonomously under water and on its surface. Such vessels are capable of carrying weapons and can also be adapted for various specialized operations. Let's look at how it is structured and how it works.

Historical facts

The very first information about such floating means dates back to 1190. In one of the German legends, the main character built something like a submarine out of leather and managed to hide on it from enemy ships on the seabed. This floating craft stayed at the bottom for 14 days. Air was supplied inside through a tube, the second end of which was on the surface. No details, drawings, or information on how the submarine works have been preserved.

More or less real fundamentals of scuba diving were outlined by William Buen in his work in 1578. Bouin, on the basis of Archimedes' law, for the first time scientifically substantiates the methods of ascent and submersion by changing the buoyancy characteristics of the vessel, changing its displacement. Based on these works, it was possible to build a ship capable of diving and floating. The ship could not sail underwater.

Further, in the era of scientific and technological progress, in St. Petersburg, engineers secretly laid down the principle of constructing a submarine intended for the armed forces. It was built according to the designs of Efim Nikonov. The project was carried out from 1718 to 1721. Then the prototype was launched, and it was able to successfully pass all tests.

50 years later, the United States built the first submarine that was used in combat operations. The body had the shape of a lentil of two halves, which were connected using flanges and leather inserts. There was a copper hemisphere with a hatch on the roof. The boat had a ballast compartment that was emptied and filled using a pump. There was also emergency lead ballast.

The first production submarine was Drzewiecki's vessel. The series consisted of 50 pieces. Then the design was improved, and instead of a paddle drive, a pneumatic and then an electric drive appeared. These structures were built from 1882 to 1888.

The first electric submarine was a ship designed by Claude Goubet. The prototype was launched in 1888, the ship had a displacement of 31 tons. For movement, an electric motor with a power of 50 horsepower was used. Power was supplied from a 9-ton battery.

In 1900, French engineers created the first boat with a steam and electric engine. The first was intended for movement above water, the second - under it. The design was unique. The American vessel, similar to the design of the French, ran on a gasoline engine to sail above the surface of the water.

Submarine structure

This issue needs to be given special attention. Let's look at how a submarine works. It consists of several structural elements that perform a variety of functions. Let's look at the main elements.

Frame

The main task of the hull is to completely provide a constant internal environment for the ship’s mechanisms and for its crew during the dive process. Also, the hull must be such that the maximum possible speed of movement under water is achieved. This is ensured by a lightweight body.

Case types

Submarines where the hull performs these two tasks were called single-hull. The main ballast tank was located inside the hull, which reduced the useful volume inside and required maximum wall strength. A boat of this design benefits in weight, in the required engine power and in maneuverability characteristics.

Semi-hull submarines are equipped with a strong hull that is partially covered by a lighter one. The main ballast tank was taken outside here. It is located between two buildings. Among the advantages are excellent maneuverability and fast diving speed. Cons: little space inside, short battery life.

Classic double-hull boats are equipped with a durable hull, which is covered along its entire length by a light hull. The main ballast is located between the hulls. The boat has great reliability, battery life, and large internal volume. Among the disadvantages are the lengthy immersion process, large size, and the complexity of filling systems for ballast tanks.

Modern approaches to the construction of submarines dictate optimal hull shapes. The evolution of shape is very closely related to the development of engine systems. Initially, the priority was on boats for surface movement with the possibility of short-term immersion to solve combat missions. The hull of those submarines had a classic shape with a pointed bow. Hydrodynamic resistance was very high, but then it did not play a special role.

Modern boats have significantly greater autonomy and speed, so engineers have to reduce it - the hull is made in the shape of a drop. This is the optimal shape for moving underwater.

Motors and batteries

A modern submarine uses batteries, electric motors and diesel generators for propulsion. One battery charge is often not enough. The maximum that the charge lasts for is up to four days. At maximum speed, the submarine's battery is discharged within a few hours. Recharging is carried out by a diesel generator. The boat must float for the batteries to charge.

The device also used anaerobic or air-independent engines. They don't need air. The boat might not float.

Systems for diving and ascent

The submarine also has these systems. To dive, a submarine, unlike a surface boat, must have negative buoyancy. This was achieved in two ways - by increasing weight or reducing displacement. To increase weight, submarines have ballast tanks that are filled with water or air.

For normal ascent or submersion of a boat, stern tanks, as well as bow tanks or main ballast tanks are used. They are needed to fill with water for diving and to fill with air for ascent. When the boat is underwater, the tanks are full.

To quickly and accurately control depth, tanks with depth control are used. Take a look at the photo of the submarine structure. By changing the volume of water, the change in depth is controlled.

To control the direction of the boat, vertical rudders are used. On modern cars, steering wheels can reach enormous sizes.

Surveillance systems

Some of the first shallow depth submarines were controlled through portholes. Further, as development progressed, the question of confident navigation and control arose. A periscope was used for this purpose for the first time in 1900. Subsequently, the systems were constantly modernized. Nowadays no one uses periscopes anymore, and their place has been taken by hydroacoustic active and passive sonars.

Boat inside

Inside the submarine consists of several compartments. If we look at how a submarine is structured using the example of one of the exhibits at the exhibition “From the History of the Russian Submarine Fleet,” then immediately in the first compartment you can see six bow torpedo tubes, a firing device, and spare torpedoes.

The second compartment contains officer and commander's cabins, a hydroacoustics specialist's cabin and a radio reconnaissance room.

The third compartment is the central post. This compartment contains a lot of various instruments and devices for controlling movement, diving, and ascent.

The fourth is a wardroom for petty officers, a galley, and a radio room. The fifth compartment contains three diesel engines with a capacity of 1900 hp. With. every. They work when the boat is above the water. The next compartment contains three electric motors for underwater propulsion.

The seventh contains torpedo tubes, a firing device, and personnel bunks. You can see how the submarine works inside. The photo will allow you to familiarize yourself with all the devices and compartments.

The silent “predators” of the deep sea have always terrified the enemy, both in war and in peacetime. There are countless myths associated with submarines, which, however, is not surprising considering that they are created in conditions of special secrecy. An excursion into the structure of nuclear submarines is offered to your attention in this feature.

The submarine's submersion and ascent system includes ballast and auxiliary tanks, as well as connecting pipelines and fittings. The main element here is the main ballast tanks, by filling them with water the main buoyancy reserve of the submarine is extinguished. All tanks are included in the bow, stern and middle groups. They can be filled and purged one at a time or simultaneously.

The submarine has trim tanks necessary to compensate for the longitudinal displacement of cargo. The ballast between trim tanks is blown using compressed air or pumped using special pumps. Trimming is the name of the technique, the purpose of which is to “balance” the submerged submarine.

Nuclear submarines are divided into generations. The first (50th) is characterized by relatively high noise and imperfect hydroacoustic systems. The second generation was built in the 60s and 70s: the hull shape was optimized to increase speed. The boats of the third are larger, and they also have electronic warfare equipment. The fourth generation nuclear submarines are characterized by an unprecedented low noise level and advanced electronics. The appearance of the fifth generation boats is being worked out these days.

An important component of any submarine is the air system. Diving, surfacing, removing waste - all this is done using compressed air. The latter is stored under high pressure on board the submarine: this way it takes up less space and allows you to accumulate more energy. High-pressure air is in special cylinders: as a rule, its quantity is monitored by a senior mechanic. Compressed air reserves are replenished upon ascent. This is a long and labor-intensive procedure that requires special attention. To ensure that the crew of the boat has something to breathe, air regeneration units are installed on board the submarine, allowing them to obtain oxygen from seawater.

A nuclear boat has a nuclear power plant (where, in fact, the name comes from). Nowadays, many countries also operate diesel-electric submarines (submarines). The level of autonomy of nuclear submarines is much higher, and they can perform a wider range of tasks. The Americans and British have stopped using non-nuclear submarines altogether, while the Russian submarine fleet has a mixed composition. In general, only five countries have nuclear submarines. In addition to the USA and the Russian Federation, the “club of the elite” includes France, England and China. Other maritime powers use diesel-electric submarines.

The future of the Russian submarine fleet is connected with two new nuclear submarines. We are talking about multi-purpose boats of Project 885 “Yasen” and strategic missile submarines 955 “Borey”. Eight units of Project 885 boats will be built, and the number of Boreys will reach seven. The Russian submarine fleet will not be comparable to the American one (the United States will have dozens of new submarines), but it will occupy second place in the world rankings.

Russian and American boats differ in their architecture. The United States makes its nuclear submarines single-hull (the hull both resists pressure and has a streamlined shape), while Russia makes its nuclear submarines double-hulled: in this case, there is an internal, rough, durable hull and an external, streamlined, lightweight one. On Project 949A Antey nuclear submarines, which included the infamous Kursk, the distance between the hulls is 3.5 m. It is believed that double-hull boats are more durable, while single-hull boats, all other things being equal, have less weight. In single-hull boats, the main ballast tanks, which ensure ascent and submersion, are located inside a durable hull, while in double-hull boats, they are inside a lightweight outer hull. Every domestic submarine must survive if any compartment is completely flooded with water - this is one of the main requirements for submarines.

In general, there is a tendency to switch to single-hull nuclear submarines, since the latest steel from which the hulls of American boats are made allows them to withstand enormous loads at depth and provides the submarine with a high level of survivability. We are talking, in particular, about high-strength steel grade HY-80/100 with a yield strength of 56-84 kgf/mm. Obviously, even more advanced materials will be used in the future.

There are also boats with a mixed hull (when a light hull only partially covers the main one) and multi-hulls (several strong hulls inside a light one). The latter includes the domestic missile submarine cruiser Project 941, the largest nuclear submarine in the world. Inside its lightweight body are five durable housings, two of which are the main ones. Titanium alloys were used to make durable cases, and steel alloys were used for lightweight ones. It is covered with a non-resonant anti-location soundproof rubber coating weighing 800 tons. This coating alone weighs more than the American nuclear submarine NR-1. Project 941 is truly a gigantic submarine. Its length is 172 and its width is 23 m. 160 people serve on board.

You can see how different nuclear submarines are and how different their “contents” are. Now let’s take a closer look at several domestic submarines: boats of project 971, 949A and 955. All of these are powerful and modern submarines serving in the Russian Navy. The boats belong to three different types of nuclear submarines, which we discussed above:

Nuclear submarines are divided according to their purpose:

· SSBN (Strategic Missile Submarine Cruiser). As part of the nuclear triad, these submarines carry ballistic missiles with nuclear warheads. The main targets of such ships are military bases and enemy cities. The SSBN includes the new Russian nuclear submarine 955 Borei. In America, this type of submarine is called SSBN (Ship Submarine Ballistic Nuclear): this includes the most powerful of these submarines - the Ohio-class boat. To accommodate the entire lethal arsenal on board, SSBNs are designed taking into account the requirements of a large internal volume. Their length often exceeds 170 m - this is noticeably longer than the length of multi-purpose submarines.

LARK K-186 "Omsk" pr.949A OSCAR-II with open covers of the launchers of the "Granit" missile system. The boats of the project in the Navy have the unofficial name "Baton" - for the shape of the hull and impressive size.

· PLAT (nuclear torpedo submarine). Such boats are also called multi-purpose. Their purpose: the destruction of ships, other submarines, tactical targets on the ground and the collection of intelligence data. They are smaller than SSBNs and have better speed and mobility. PLATs can use torpedoes or high-precision cruise missiles. Such nuclear submarines include the American Los Angeles or the Soviet/Russian MPLATRK Project 971 Shchuka-B.

Project 941 Akula submarine

· SSGN (nuclear submarine with cruise missiles). This is the smallest group of modern nuclear submarines. This includes the Russian 949A Antey and some American Ohio missiles converted into cruise missile carriers. The SSGN concept has something in common with multi-purpose nuclear submarines. Submarines of the SSGN type, however, are larger - they are large floating underwater platforms with high-precision weapons. In the Soviet/Russian navy, these boats are also called “aircraft carrier killers.”