Chad on the map of Africa
(all pictures are clickable)
Geographical position
Chad is a state in the macroregion of Central Africa. It neighbors Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon, Nigeria and Niger to the west; has no access to the sea. The northern regions of the country occupy desert and semi-desert regions of the Sahara, the southern regions stretch across savannas, the Waddai massif lies in the southeast of Chad, and the Kanem Plain lies in the northwest.
On the western border of the country is Lake Chad. It is unsuitable for navigation, because its depth is no more than 5-10 m, and the lake regularly dries up, changing its size and shape. The area of the territory is 1.3 million km², which includes Chad to the largest countries of the African continent.
Climatic conditions in different parts of the country are heterogeneous. In the northern regions, the climate is desert and hot; in July temperatures can reach +50 °C, in January - +15-35 °C.
During periods of drought, sandstorms called harmattans are common. The southern regions of Chad have an equatorial monsoon climate, with dry winters and rainy summers. The average annual precipitation ranges from 100-250 mm in the north to 800-1000 mm in the south.
Flora and fauna
The desert areas of the country are practically devoid of plant cover; the southern regions are dominated by savannas with hard-leaved grasses and shrubs. In the northern part there are oases in which date palms grow.
Tall grass savannas support herbivorous mammals and predators; Almost all of them are under state protection. There are a large number of monkeys in the forests in the south of the country, and the areas adjacent to the Shari River and its tributaries are rich in game.
State structure
The current political state is a presidential republic. Legislative power is in the hands of a bicameral parliament (National Assembly and Senate). Administratively, the state is divided into 14 prefectures. The local currency is the CFA franc. The capital of the state is the city of N'Djamena.
Population
The population is about 11.5 million people, these are mainly the peoples of the Sahrawi language group (Toubou), the Chadian group (Hausa) and Arabs. The official language is French, but the national languages used in everyday communication are Tuba, Sari, Hausa and Arabic. Religiously, half of the state's residents are Sunni Muslims, while others adhere to local traditional beliefs.
Economy
Chad is an underdeveloped agricultural country. Agricultural sectors (crop production and livestock production) contribute approximately the same amount of GDP. Crop production is dominated by cotton growing, most of which is exported.
For domestic consumption, millet, sorghum, and rice are mainly cultivated; Date palms are grown in oases. Livestock farming is predominantly nomadic; this industry employs about 20% of the working population. The industrial sector is poorly developed and is mainly represented by enterprises processing agricultural raw materials.
In the IX-XIX centuries. on the territory of modern Chad there were several state entities - Kanem, Bornu, Vadai, etc. In 1904, these lands were occupied by the French and included in the Ubangi-Shari colony, and in 1914 they were separated into a separate colony. With the collapse of French Equatorial Africa in 1960, Chad declared independence.
Attractions
It is prohibited to export unprocessed ivory, animal skins, some rare plants, ancient coins, and bronze works of applied art from the country.
The Tibesti Highlands, located in Chad, is a unique natural monument. This is a majestic rise of ancient crystalline rocks with numerous volcanic cones at the top. The crater of the largest volcano, Emi-Kusi, reaches 13 km in diameter. The slopes of the volcano are dotted with gushing hot springs, and numerous drawings of prehistoric people have been discovered in rock caves.
Lake Chad is the only place for sport fishing for many thousands of kilometers around. In winter, the lake coast is populated by colonies of flamingos and pelicans, flocking from all over Europe and Western Asia to their favorite wintering place.
General information
Official name - Republic of Chad. The state is located in Central Africa. The area is 1,284,000 km2. Population - 11,193,452 people. (as of 2013). The official language is French, Arabic. The capital is N'Djamena. The monetary unit is the CFA franc.
The state borders in the south with the Central African Republic, in the west with Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, in the east with Sudan, and in the north with Libya.
In the north, a desert climate prevails with an average air temperature in winter of +21°C and in summer of +34°C. The south is characterized by a subtropical climate, the average air temperature in January is +25°C, in April - +31°C. The rainy season lasts from May to October. The desert in the southern direction turns into semi-deserts, thorny, dry and wet savannas, and then into evergreen tropical forests.
Story
Rock art shows that Chad was a densely populated country in prehistoric times. By the 9th century AD. The kingdom of Kanem was formed, and in the 11th century its rulers converted to Islam. In the 16th century, Kanem came under the rule of the neighboring kingdom of Bornu, at the same time two sultanates were formed in the south of modern Chad: Bagourmi and Ouadai. At the end of the 19th century, the country came under the rule of the Sudanese emperor Rab Zubair, and after his death in 1900 it passed to. In 1910, Chad became part of French Equatorial Africa. On August 11, 1960, Chad gained independence. After this, the country experienced civil war for almost 35 years between the government and Muslim rebels. Chad is a member of the UN, GATT, IMF, WHO, Organization of African Unity, and an associate member of the EEC.
Sights of Chad
N'Djamena is the capital of the Republic of Chad, which is located in the west of the country, on the right bank of the Chari River. The city was founded by the French in 1900 to establish a military stronghold. They named it Fort Lamy, in honor of Major Lamy, the leader of the French military expedition. The first buildings of the city date back to the beginning of the 20th century. Until 1958, Fort Lamy was the administrative center of the French colony. From 1958 to 1960 it was the capital of the Autonomous Republic of Chad.
In 1960, Chad's independence was declared, and Fort Lamy became the capital of the new country. In 1973, Fort Lamy was renamed N'Djamena, since the capital of the ancient state of Kanem, located in Chad, was called N'djimi. In the capital, as expected, the residence of the president, parliament and government offices are located.
Main street of the capital Avenue de Gaulle starts near Freedom Square and goes through the entire city. Here is the residence of the president, ministries, embassy buildings and banks. On Freedom Square there is a monument in honor of gaining Independence. The city center is built up with houses of European architecture using modern materials and sun protection devices.
On the outskirts of N'Djamena there are many traditional huts of different types. In the development there are round huts topped with conical grass roofs. There are also rectangular flat-roofed buildings, like in old Arab cities.
There are several markets in N'Djamena. Each of them can be called a landmark of the capital of Chad. The rows in them are very picturesque and exotic smells hover above them. The gifts of this land - sweet potatoes, cassava, papaya, mangoes, lemons, coconuts - are pleasant even just to look at. The abundance of edible greens and herbs that emit spicy aromas is amazing.
IN National Museum, which opened in 1963, exhibits Stone Age tools, fragments of rock paintings, and ancient household items. A huge collection of wooden musical instruments and masks of different nationalities living in the country. Sausages are also on display as part of the national culture. Weaving and weaving are also represented. Folk arts and crafts are widely represented: products made of clay, metal and leather, wood carving, weaving and basketry.
Sarch- the capital of the southern province of Chari and the second largest transport hub of Chad, Sarkh (founded by the French in 1876 under the name Fort Archambault) is a quiet and rather dull city. However, this is only at first glance. This is one of the largest market centers in the country, whose Central Market is considered one of the best in the region. There are also the National Museum, the Center for Traditional Arts and the Sarha Agricultural Institute, and around the city there are endless cotton fields and several nature reserves - the Bar Salamat Nature Reserve, the Zakouma National Park, the Sinianka-Minia Nature Park (extending into the Gera region) and the National Park Manda. But the main thing that attracts the attention of the few tourists to the city is the fact that even during times of political cataclysms there were no clashes between the warring parties, and now Sarkh is considered the calmest place in Chad.
The ancient capital of the powerful Kudan Sultanate, the city Abeche is located on the only major highway connecting N'Djamena and Sennar (). Surrounded by desert on almost all sides. At the eastern border of modern Abeche was Ouara, the capital of the powerful Muslim Sultanate of Kudan (Quaddan, 1630-1912), which dominated the entire territory between Lake Chad and western Darfur (Sudan). As a result of many years of struggle with French colonial troops, the sultanate fell, and the population of the capital practically died out. After the French left, the city began to slowly restore its former grandeur, but many historical monuments are no longer here. Only the Sultan's palace, the old cemetery and the ruins of medieval mosques (all surrounded by a thick wall) have survived to this day. Also in Abéché you can see several more modern mosques, narrow old streets and several colorful bazaars.
Chad's cuisine
One of the most common dishes is pasta" bule" from cereals and cereals, which is then formed into balls and dipped in sauce. The traditional breakfast is " fangas" - fried donuts made from millet and wheat flour. Cassava, peanuts, sorghum and rice are widely used. A kind of porridge called “boulil” is made from milk and grain, “beguine-soufflé” pancakes are made from flour and hot water, and in the Ouaddan region, bread is fried from millet, wheat, sugar and oil.
Various dishes made from beef, poultry and lamb are popular throughout the country, especially in the north, where most of the population is engaged in cattle breeding. In many cities, fried meat in hot spicy sauce is sold on the streets everywhere. Meat dishes are served with fiery local sauces, rice, various salads and French bread.
Fish is also a frequent guest on the local table - dozens of dishes from Nile perch, eel, okra, tilapia and carp are prepared here. The fish is usually dried, salted or smoked; often it is simply fried over coals and served with some kind of sauce. " Salanga" (small dried or salted fish) and "banda" (large smoked fish) are even exported to Nigeria. Fish is also widely used " okra", which is fried with vegetables ("daraba"), baked over coals, fried in oil and made into seasoning or gumbo sauce (for this, the fish is first crushed and dried), and also used as a binder for making millet paste" bule".
In the south of the country there are many dishes with various fruits: bananas, guava, mango. Grown in the oases of the arid north, dates and raisins are also widely used in many dishes. However, the apparent shortage of fruits in most parts of the country leads to the import of fruits from other countries.
Chad on the map
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Chad- a state in central Africa. It borders on the west with Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, on the south with the Central African Republic, on the east with Sudan and Libya on the north. Landlocked.
Most of the territory is occupied by plains and plateaus, which alternate with flat depressions. The northern part of the country is occupied by rocky and sandy deserts with rare oases. In the northwest is the Tibesti Highlands, where the highest point of the country is the Emi-Kusi volcano (3415 m). In the south there are semi-deserts and savannas. In the southern and southeastern regions, large areas are occupied by swamps.
Chad Airport
N'Djamena International Airport
Chad hotels 1 - 5 stars
Weather in Chad
The climate of the northern regions is tropical, desert, and the southern regions are subequatorial. In the north, average monthly air temperatures range from +15°C to +35°C. The average annual precipitation is about 100 mm. In the south, the air warms up to +26–30°C, and up to 1000–1400 mm of precipitation falls per year. During the dry period of the year (October-July), the harmattan blows in the northern regions - a hot north-east wind, bringing a lot of dust and sharply impairing visibility.
Chadian language
Official language: French, Arabic
Of the local languages, the most common are the language of the Sara people and more than 120 local dialects (Daza, Dzhonkor, Karembo, Teda, etc.).
Currency of Chad
International name: KFA
The CFA franc is equal to 100 centimes. There are banknotes in circulation in denominations of 10,000, 5,000, 2,000, 1,000 and 500 francs, as well as coins in 250, 100, 50, 25, 10, 5 and 1 franc.
Foreign currency can be exchanged at banks and exchange offices, which are located everywhere. Reverse exchange is possible only upon presentation of a bank receipt for exchange into national currency.
The use of credit cards is limited only in the capital - only 2 large hotels in N'Djamena accept them for payment. Travel checks can be cashed at BIAT Bank and two other large banks in the capital. It is recommended to take checks in euros with you.
Customs restrictions in Chad
The transit of foreign currency is not limited. You can export and import the country's currency in an amount of 50 thousand francs.
The following cannot be imported: weapons (hunting - declared); drugs and narcotic medications. Export is prohibited: rare plants; rare birds; animal skins; ancient coins; articles of applied art made of bronze and ivory.
Mains voltage: 220V
Tips
Tips usually amount to 5-10% of the bill. Most bars and high-end restaurants automatically add 10% to the bill, but additional tips are not prohibited (the money must be handed over to the waiter in person). Moreover, local staff often differentiate the amount of payments on the spot - if the guest looks quite wealthy, he will be given a bill at the maximum rate, but if he does not give the impression of a rich foreigner, then the tip will not be included at all (foreigners are most often automatically classified as wealthy people). In hotels, tips are most often included in the bill; in taxis, you should round up the amount or agree in advance with the taxi driver on the fare.
Shopping in Chad
Shops are usually open from Tuesday to Saturday from 09.00 to 12.00 and from 16.00 to 19.30. Grocery stores are often open all week (closed on Friday and Saturday in the north). Markets in the capital are open from 07.30 until dusk; in the provinces, opening hours depend on local traditions.
Office hours
Banks are open from Monday to Thursday from 07.00 to 13.00, on Friday from 07.00 to 10.30. On Saturdays, many large banks are open from 07.00 to 13.00.
Photo and video shooting
To take photographs, you must obtain special permission from your local Ministry of Information or police office. Photographing military installations, airports and official buildings is strictly prohibited. If you need to take a photo of a local resident, you should definitely ask him for permission, otherwise serious conflicts are possible even just with the camera lens open.
Safety
On the one hand, the government is making great efforts to prevent crime and banditry, on the other hand, many areas of the country are not recommended for travel, and even around the capital the tense situation remains. It is not recommended to travel alone in the northern regions, especially at night. You should also refrain from visiting the southwestern regions of Chad, where clashes between law enforcement agencies and well-armed groups of various rebels and outright bandit groups are frequent.
Traveling around the city at night is not recommended, and the city center is considered unsafe even in the evening. In crowded areas, terrorist attacks, robberies and pickpocketing are common, and the level of violent crime has also increased. Buses and unofficial taxis are not recommended for transportation almost everywhere.
Code of the country: +235
Geographic first level domain name:.td
Medicine
Immunization is recommended against cholera, typhoid, polio, hepatitis A, B and E (especially north and east of Lake Chad), diphtheria, rabies, tetanus, meningococcal meningitis (especially in the savannas between November and May) and typhus. The causative agents of schistosomiasis and onchocerciasis have been recorded in all freshwater bodies of the country (it is recommended to avoid swimming in local lakes and rivers). The level of HIV/AIDS is estimated at 4.8% of the country's population, but according to unofficial data, up to 16% of the country's population are carriers of this disease.
All water in the country is considered potentially contaminated and is not recommended for consumption.
Emergency numbers
Fire service - 18.
Police - 17.
The country is home to more than 200 ethnic groups and 120 languages and dialects.
The official languages are French and Arabic.
Chad Borders Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Sudan and Libya. It has no access to the sea.
State symbols
Flag– is a rectangular panel with an aspect ratio of 2:3, consisting of three vertical stripes: blue, yellow and red. It is a combination of the flag of France, the former metropolis, and the Pan-African colors (green, yellow, red). The color blue symbolizes sky, hope and water. Yellow – sun and desert in the northern part of the country. Red - progress, unity, and the blood shed for Chad's independence. The flag was approved on November 6, 1959.
Coat of arms– is a shield with wavy blue lines, with the rising sun above it. The shield is supported by a goat and a lion. Below the shield is a medallion and a scroll with the national motto in French: “Unity, Labor, Progress.”
The wavy lines on the shield are a symbol of Lake Chad, the rising sun symbolizes a new beginning. The goat on the left represents the northern part of the nation, while the southern part is represented by the lion. At the base of the shield is the National Order of Chad. The coat of arms was approved in 1970.
State structure
Form of government- presidential republic.
Head of State- the president. He is also the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Elected by universal direct and secret suffrage for a term of 5 years and can be re-elected an unlimited number of times.
Incumbent since 1990 Idriss Debi
Head of the government- Prime Minister.
Capital- N'Djamena.
Largest cities- N'Djamena, Mundu, Sarkh.
official languages– French and Arabic.
Territory– 1,284,000 km².
Administrative division– 22 regions.
By Lake Chad
Population– 11,193,452 people. Average life expectancy: 47 years for men, 49 years for women. The largest nationalities: Sara (28%) and Arabs (12%). Urban population is about 30%.
Religion– the majority of Chadians are Muslims (57.8%). Christians make up 40% of the country's population. The largest Christian denominations are Catholics.
Currency– CFA franc.
Economy– the agricultural sector predominates (80% of workers are engaged in subsistence farming, mainly raising livestock: sheep, goats, camels). Cotton, sorghum, millet, peanuts, rice, and potatoes are cultivated.
Oil production began at the end of 2003, and oil has been exported since 2004. Industry: oil production, cotton processing, meat processing, brewing, soap and cigarette production. Natural resources: deposits of oil, bauxite, uranium, gold, beryl, tin, tantalum, copper. 80% of the population lives below the poverty line. Chad is heavily dependent on foreign aid and investment. Export: crude oil, livestock, cotton. Import: industrial products, food, textiles.
Education– is in poor condition due to low funding and the reluctance of parents to send their children to school. Although attendance at secondary school is compulsory, only 68% of boys go on to further education after completing primary school. By law, education is compulsory for children from 6 to 15 years of age. Girls' educational opportunities are limited mainly due to cultural traditions, due to early marriages. More than half the population is illiterate. Residents of Chad can receive higher education at the University of N'Djamena (opened in 1971). There are several lyceums and vocational schools.
Sport– Common sports: football, basketball, athletics, martial arts, boxing and fishing (usually on Lake Chad). The National Stadium is located in the capital of the country. Chad has competed in 10 Summer Olympics, making his debut in Tokyo in 1964 and has competed in every Summer Olympics since then except Montreal and Moscow. Chadian athletes did not take part in the Winter Olympic Games. Chad has never won an Olympic medal.
Armed forces– consist of ground forces, gendarmerie and air force.
Nature
Most of the country's territory is occupied by plains and plateaus, alternating with flat depressions, one of which contains Lake Chad.
Lake Chad is shallow (4-7 m deep), and in the rainy season it is 10-11 m. The surface of the lake is not constant: it floods during the rainy season. Rivers flow into the lake. Near the river mouths the water is fresh, in the rest of the water it is slightly brackish. The dark, dirty water of the lake is thickly overgrown with algae in places. From July to November, under the influence of rains, the water level gradually rises and the low southwestern coast is widely flooded. Over a considerable area, the lake is very shallow (you can wade across it on horseback).
In the north there is the ancient Tibesti highland with the Emi-Kousi volcano (3415 m) - this is the highest point in the country.
Volcano caldera
The Ennedi plateau is known for its bizarre rocks, where petroglyphs are often found.
Ennedi Plateau
The north is part of the Sahara Desert, where sand dunes and outlier hills (kagas) are common. In the south there are semi-deserts and savannas, and there are quite large swamps.
It is known that Chad is drying out for the seventh time in the last millennium.
There are no permanent rivers in the north of the country. In the south the river network is quite dense. The main river, Shari, which flows into Lake Chad, is navigable. Rivers overflow during the rainy season, flooding vast areas and turning them into continuous swamps, and during the dry season they become very shallow.
The landscape of the northern, Saharan part of the country is rocky deserts, almost devoid of vegetation, they alternate with sandy deserts with sparse vegetation (tamarix, low-growing acacias, camel thorn).
Camel-thorn
Date palms, grapes and wheat grow in the oases. In the Sahel zone there are semi-deserts and desert savannas with sparse grass cover and thickets of thorny bushes (mainly acacias), doum palms and baobabs are found. In the extreme south there are savannas with high grass cover and forests. In the floodplains of rivers and along the shores of lakes there are extensive grass swamps.
The desert fauna is poor. There are many large mammals in the savannas: elephants, rhinoceroses, buffalos, giraffes, antelopes. Predators: lions, leopards, jackals, hyenas. Some savannah animals are found on the edge of the desert zone. Monkeys (baboons and colobus monkeys) are found in the upper reaches of the Shari River.
Snakes, lizards and insects are numerous.
There are 4 national parks and 9 reserves in the country.
Zakouma National Park is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Chad
The park was founded in 1963. The area is 3,000 km². It is one of the last wildlife sanctuaries in the African Sahel and is home to a large number of large mammals: 44 species of large mammals and 250 species of birds.
Tourism
Most tourists are attracted by hunting and the Zakouma National Park. But Chad is a country where child abduction is common for a variety of purposes: domestic slavery, forced herding, forced begging, commercial sexual exploitation, and sale. The government is not making significant efforts to stop these crimes.
The development of tourism is also hampered by the country's political instability.
Attractions: National Museum in N'Djamena, Siniaka-Minia Nature Reserve, Zakouma and Manda National Parks, the picturesque coastline of the island. Chad and the monuments of the ancient culture of Sao located there (5th century BC - 17th century AD).
Culture
Chad is characterized by a complex interweaving of the musical cultures of various peoples who have long inhabited the country: Arabs, Sara, Tuba and others.
Sara people girl
Modern music is mainly pop music. Traditional musical instruments of Chad: hu-hu (a string instrument with a gourd), kakaki, maracas, lute, etc. The Kanembu people use flutes and drums as musical instruments. Balafons, whistles and harps are popular among the Sara people.
Balafon is a percussion musical instrument related to the xylophone.
Maracas is an ancient percussion-noise instrument, a type of rattle that produces a characteristic rustling sound when shaken.
Traditional dwellings among sedentary peoples are round in shape, with adobe walls and a grass conical or flat roof. The nomadic population lives in collapsible tents on a wooden frame, covered with camel skins or mats made of palm leaves. In modern cities, houses are modern.
Smoking pipe
National crafts: making shawls, forged items (smoking pipes, inlaid knives, embossing, ashtrays, cigarette cases), large copper dishes and plates, copper or silver glasses and glasses. Popular here, as throughout Africa, are carved wooden masks, making carpets from camel wool, decorative embroidery, weaving products from raffia palm leaves, tree branches and millet stems, etc.
Copper dish
During the colonial period, literature developed in Arabic. The alphabet of local languages was created in 1976 based on Arabic and Latin writing. The emergence of national literature in French began in the 1960s. The first published literary work was the novel “The Child from Chad” by J. Seid (1967). Writers, poets and playwrights: A. Bangui, H. Bruno, K. Garang (pseudonym of K. Jimeta), M. Mustafa (pseudonym of B. Mustafa).
Sights of Chad
National Museum in N'Djamena
Founded in 1963. Its exhibition includes archaeological finds discovered throughout the country: stone tools, fragments of rock art, ancient household items. There are exhibits here related to the culture and life of the inhabitants of Chad: wooden musical instruments and ritual masks are included in a separate collection, as well as calabashes - vessels made of dried pumpkins, woven and wickerwork, carved wooden decorations, pottery, metal and leather works .
Monuments of ancient culture of Sao
Clay figurine
Sao is a sedentary agricultural culture of the interior regions of North Africa in the area between the Logone and Chari rivers (Chad), which existed in the 5th century. BC e. -XVII centuries n. e. Discovered by French scientists at the beginning of the 20th century. The basis of the economy was agriculture. SAO speakers were familiar with metalworking (iron) and pottery. Archaeologists have discovered fortified settlements of this culture. The end of the Sao was marked by the migration of nomads.
Cathedral in Pala
Great Mosque of Djenne
In a desert
Story
Before the arrival of Europeans
About 6 thousand years ago, Negroids lived on the territory of modern Chad and were engaged in hunting.
In the 9th century. The state of Kanem arose near Lake Chad. From the 11th century Arab Islamization began. At the end of the 14th century. the state of Kanem ceased to exist, but in the 16th century. to the east of Lake Chad the state of Wadai was formed, to the south - the state of Bagirmi. They constantly fought among themselves and against their neighbors, capturing slaves. At the end of the 19th century. parts of Vadai and Bagirmi became part of the state of Rabbaha.
As part of the French colonial empire
In 1899, France began colonization in the Lake Chad region. The French defeated Rabbah's army and declared the region French territory; in 1904 it was incorporated into the French colony of Ubangi-Shari.
Territory of Ubangi-Shari in 1910
The conquest of certain areas of modern Chad by the French continued until 1914. In 1920, the military administration was replaced by a civilian one. The support of the administration became the nobility of the Sara tribe, who adopted the Catholic faith.
During World War II, the Allies conducted military operations from Chadian territory against German-Italian troops in Libya. In 1946, Chad received the status of an overseas territory of France. In November 1958, Chad received the status of an autonomous republic within the French Community.
Independence
Francois Tombalbaye
François Tombalbaye, from the Sara tribe, head of the Progressive Party of Chad, became the President and Prime Minister of Chad. In 1962, Tombalbai banned all parties other than his own.
Tombalbaye controlled the entire economy of the country, introduced a planned economy, and also formed the paramilitary organization “Chadian Youth Movement” in 1964.
Since the mid-1960s, mass protests began by the population of the northern regions of Chad against the economic and social policies of the authorities of Tombalbaye. In 1966, the guerrilla organization National Liberation Front of Chad (FROLINA) was created, with the goal of overthrowing Tombalbaye. At his request, French troops were brought into Chad.
In the early 1970s, Chad's economic situation deteriorated significantly. The population of many parts of the country was starving.
In April 1975, a military coup was carried out, during which Tombalbai was killed. Power passed to the head of the military junta, Brigadier General Felix Mallum. He tried to end the war between the north and south of Chad, and in 1978 he divided power in the country between himself (as head of state) and one of the guerrilla leaders, Hissène Habré (as head of government).
In February 1979, an armed conflict occurred between the government troops of Mallum and the Habré detachments, and in March of the same year, the main leader of FROLINA, Goukouni Ueddei, seized power in the country. Mallum and Habré were removed from supreme power, but not killed. In December 1980, Libya sent a contingent of its armed forces, including tanks, to Chad. Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi and Oueddei announced the creation of a united Libyan-Chadian state.
Only in 1987 did Habré’s troops defeat the troops of Weddey and the Libyans.
In December 1990, the capital of Chad was occupied by the troops of General Idriss Deby. Déby became Chad's president for a long time, winning elections every 5 years.
Chad in the 21st century
On February 2, 2008, rebels in Chad tried to overthrow President Idriss Déby. As a result, a state of emergency was declared in the country.
The internal political situation in Chad is characterized by armed clashes between the African and Arab parts of the population and internecine tensions within the groups themselves for social, political and economic reasons. Since the early 90s, several anti-government groups have been active, periodically concluding and breaking peace agreements with the government; It is not possible to establish lasting peace in the country. In eastern Chad, the situation is destabilized by the armed conflict in the western Sudanese region of Darfur, as a result of which up to 200 thousand Darfuri refugees migrated to Chad; Darfur rebels use the territory of Chad as their rear base. At the same time, Chadian rebels often take refuge in Darfur.
There is always hope for a better future...