State of Monaco is a true European principality, but very small in size, and is associated with France. Its area is only 200 hectares, with 1/5 of the land being an artificially created area. Monaco is the most populous country on the planet. The Principality is well known for its casino and the Formula 1 Grand Prix, which takes place right in the city.

Monaco is a very active secular state and has its membership in the UN, OSCE, WHO, UNESCO, Interpol and the Council of Europe. There are honorary or general consulates of this small principality in more than a hundred countries.

about country

Monaco is located in the very south of Europe, on the shores of the Ligurian Sea (part of the Mediterranean Sea), almost on the cliffs. We can say that the principality is a continuation of the Cote d'Azur, since the distance to Nice is only 20 km.

From the northeast the country is protected by the peaks of the Alps. The coastline is approximately 4 km, and the entire land border runs along France and is 4.4 km. In some places, the width of the dwarf state reaches only 200-300 meters. Italy begins approximately 12 km from the southern point of Monaco.

Population of Monaco

According to the 2014 census, the population of Monaco is 37,800. The indigenous inhabitants and subjects are called Monegasques; there are about 21% of them in Monaco. Historically they are of French origin, eventually mixing their roots with Italians. In terms of national composition, almost half of the population is French, about 16% is Italian, the remaining 16% is divided among about 125 nationalities.

The population density in the principality is 18.7 thousand people/sq. km, which is explained by the dwarf size of the state. Annual growth is about 0.3%. The simplified tax regime is very attractive to foreigners.

Obtaining a residence permit in Monaco is very difficult. Even a huge fortune and good education, as well as bank accounts in Monaco, are not a reason to allow you to settle in the territory of the principality. It is necessary to go through something like an interview, where you can prove that you will become an asset to a small state and can be useful to it.

The official language of Monaco is French, but the Monegasque dialect is widely used: an interesting mixture of French and Italian.

Religion and culture

The official religion of Monaco is Catholicism (about 90% of the population), but according to the constitution of the principality, the state guarantees freedom of religion. The country has its own cathedral, which has housed the bishop's see since 1981, and five parish churches. The Anglican Church of St. Paul is open to tourists in Monte Carlo. Local parishioners number less than 150 people. The temple has a library with about 3,000 volumes of various contents exclusively in English.

Since 1948, the Cult Association of Jews has been operating in Monaco, mainly elderly Jews from England and the USA. The community numbers 1,500 people, and the synagogue is connected to a Jewish school and a kosher store.

The principality received powerful cultural development upon the accession to the throne of Albert II. Monaco founded many international organizations: the International Academy of Tourism, the International Hydrographic Office, etc.

Climate and weather in Monaco

Monaco is located on a warm sea coast and has a Mediterranean climate with sunny and warm summers and comfortable winters. Average summer temperatures range from +24+25 degrees, and the average January temperature is +8+10 degrees. On average, the resorts of Monaco receive about 300 sunny days; annual precipitation of 1300 mm falls mainly in the fall.

Thanks to the Alpes-Maritimes, Monaco is protected from northerly winds, while summer breezes cool the sunbathing coastline. The comfortable and mild climate of the principality attracts millions of tourists to Monaco.

Currency and its exchange in Monaco

Since 2002, the official currency of Monaco has been the euro. You can exchange currency at any bank branch, hotel or train station.

All stores and restaurants accept cards from global payment systems and travel checks.

Form of government

According to the Constitution adopted on December 17, 1962, Monaco's form of government is a hereditary absolute monarchy. The head of state is the hereditary prince, who exercises legislative power together with 24 members of the National Council. The Council is elected for 5 years, and only a Monegasque, a native of Monaco and over 25 years of age can join it.

In 1997, Monaco celebrated the 700th anniversary of the reign of the Grimaldi family, the oldest European dynasty today. Since 2005, the throne belongs to Prince Rainier II, who took it after the death of his father.

: According to the 1918 treaty with France, the principality will become French autonomy if the Grimaldi family ends and the throne remains empty.

Legislation of Monaco

Every tourist should know that in Monaco:

• smoking is prohibited in public places;
• the circulation of cash currency is not controlled, but it is prohibited to export antiques, and to import food and medicine supplies;
• tips everywhere average 10-15% and are almost always included in the bill; it is customary to pay the porter and maid €1;
• the most developed police surveillance system in the world, both with the help of cameras and by police officers in civilian clothes, who can invite you to a search at any time;
• First medical aid will always be provided to you free of charge, but for all subsequent manipulations you will have to pay with a medical insurance policy or money.

History of Monaco

For ten centuries BC, a Phoenician colony existed on the territory of modern Monaco, and after it a Greek colony. Closer to the 1st century BC. these lands became part of the Roman Empire, and were later captured by the Arabs.

In VII, the Mediterranean coast was part of the Lombard Kingdom, and then the Kingdom of Arelat. In the 11th century, immigrants from Genoa came and settled here and built a powerful fortress. And in 1419, the Grimaldi family from Genoa finally established itself on the throne, and Monaco became an independent principality.

The military and political alliance of Monaco with Spain against France lasted for a long time. And in 1641, the Monegasques rejected their Spanish allies and came under the protectorate of their former enemy - France. And already in 1713 the sovereignty of the principality was finally established. During and after the French Revolution, the princes of Monaco were overthrown, imprisoned and returned to the throne. The principality acquired its modern borders in 1861, and since then, since the reign of Prince Charles III, the throne of the state has no longer been empty.

Cities and regions of Monaco

In fact, due to its tiny size, Monaco is a continuous dense building throughout the entire territory of the state. The Principality of Monaco consists of the merged cities: Monaco (the capital), Monte Carlo, La Condamine and Fontvieille. The division into cities and districts occurs purely formally:

1. , otherwise known as the “Old Town”, it is located on a high cliff, a princely palace was built here and foreigners are prohibited from settling.
2. The largest district of Monaco is the Formula 1 track and the most famous casino in the world.
3. - the main port and financial district of the principality, it is here that all the banks of the principality and many of the capitals of the world are located.
4. - an amazing area, it appeared after the grandiose construction of a 40-meter dam and the drainage of the sea.
5. Moneghetti, Saint-Roman, Saint-Michel are modern districts of the Principality of Monaco.
6. Lavrotto is a district of Monaco where the best beaches are located.
7. La Colle is an attractive residential area.
8. Le Revoir is the smallest district, with less than 3,000 people living here.

Sights of Monaco

In addition to the above, be sure to see the Chapel of Mercy, the Sculpture Road, where the best are collected, and many other historical and cultural sites. In Monaco they value the land, and it is all the more surprising to find so many beautiful green corners in this country: , and , . This is just a small part of all the memorable places in Monaco.

Entertainment in Monaco

During the day, tourists usually visit theaters, exhibitions and attractions, of which there are many on the territory of the principality. The most favorite night entertainment is the Monte Carlo casino - this is a real European Las Vegas. During the day it is available for excursions, and in the late afternoon a passionate crowd gathers here in suits and evening gowns.

Entertainment is available around the clock. During the day you can enjoy the Mediterranean sun and white sand. All beaches are equipped with volleyball courts, tennis courts and mini-football fields. Fans of water activities can enjoy catamarans, water slides, pleasure yachts and water skis.

One of the entertainments is fashion shopping. The area of ​​the most expensive couturier boutiques and brand stores is called “Golden Square”. Here you will find only original items under such names as Gucci, Prada, Christian Dior, Chanel, Louis Vuitton and many others. In the La Condamine area there are about two hundred different stores; one of the popular shopping centers in Monaco is Métropole. By the way, in the southern part of the principality there is an interesting Saint-Charles market, where you can look for simple souvenirs.

Every year, on the eve of the Ascension Day, thousands of tourists come to Monaco wanting to attend the most interesting show of our time - the Formula 1 Grand Prix, the race track of which runs through the streets of the city.

In Monaco, it is customary to celebrate everything brightly and solemnly. So, every January in Monaco it is held, the best groups and world-famous troupes take part in it. The winners are awarded the most prestigious award – “Golden Clown”.

Monaco Hotels

Living in is not a cheap pleasure; the country has many options of different classes and star ratings to suit every taste and budget, incl. and budget hotels:

1. Luxury hotel Hotel Hermitage 5 stars in the style of luxury and wealth is located in a real palace - a historical monument. The hotel is located on the shore of the bay near the famous casino. The rooms are individually decorated, and a huge spa and winter garden are always available to guests.
2. Five-star hotel Hotel Metropole located close to the Golden Square - an abundance of branded stores and boutiques. The interesting mixed-style building offers 126 designer rooms, a private heated sea pool, and three restaurants awarded with two Michelin stars.
3. Hotel Port Palace 4 stars with all windows facing Port Hercule. This place hosts exhibitions of yachts and boats, and the Monaco Grand Prix circuit runs around it. Each room is equipped with a dressing room; as an additional service, you can be offered a portable bed for guests.
4. Three star hotel Ambassador Monaco is located a stone's throw from the prince's residence. Enjoy comfortable rooms with floor-to-ceiling windows, a buffet breakfast, and a spa.
5. Hotel Novotel Monte-Carlo 3 stars built near the train station in the center of the country. It has its own swimming pool, fitness room and hammam. You are offered comfortable rooms with a work area, private parking and several types of breakfast to choose from.

Monaco Restaurants

The geographical position of the Principality of Monaco has a significant impact on local gastronomic tastes, since the territories of real gourmets are located nearby: France and Italy. Monaco is one of the richest countries in the world, and it is not surprising that in a country of millionaires, chefs are constantly competing with each other, and the service is always excellent and does not attract attention.

The principality has long established a tradition of dining out, and even the most demanding gourmets will always find a pleasant place; here you can find any cuisine: from Japanese to Mexican.

1. Restaurant Le Louis XV is the most pretentious and expensive. The whole atmosphere is aimed at stopping time and allowing you to enjoy delicious dishes from famous chefs. Lunch often costs more than €400. The restaurant is very similar to the French Versailles, and the menu is designed in the same breathtaking style.
2. Restaurant Rampoldi was opened in 1950 and since then has been famous for its excellent traditional cuisine from Italy and France. The cost of main courses is €20-70, and the choice is huge, for example: sea bass in salted breadcrumbs, tortellini with cream and white truffles, ravioli with lobsters, etc.
3. Pizzeria Monégasque is an amazing combination of luxury service and luxury pizzeria. The restaurant is divided into 4 rooms and a sunny terrace. You will be offered a dozen types of excellent pizzas and a large menu of fish and meat dishes.


4. Restaurant Joel Robuchon in Monte-Carlo very famous for its unique French cuisine. The chic seascape creates an interesting menu, where you can always find real classics, like caramelized quail in truffle sauce and mashed potatoes. The price of main courses is about €35-95.
5. Classic restaurant The Brasserie Cafe de Paris is located near the Monte Carlo casino and is very popular in Monaco. The interior design is made in the style of a French bistro, and the chef Philippe Jourdain is very famous among visitors. His signature dish is fried sea bass. Dishes from the main menu cost €17-55.

Transport Monaco

Diverse and represented:

• city ​​buses, there are six routes and 143 stops, routes intersect only in the area of ​​tourist attractions;
• free escalators that lift pedestrians to the streets located above; there are 7 of them in the principality so far;
• taxi, there are officially seven sites where free cars accumulate, but you can easily place an order by phone;
• a tourist red train that runs from the Oceanographic Museum and travels around a number of Monaco's favorite attractions in about 30-40 minutes;
• , the largest rental companies in the world operate here;
• water transport: water taxi and water bus, yachts owned and rented.

Do you need a visa to Monaco?

To cross the Monaco border you will need a Schengen C visa, as the Principality has signed the Schengen agreement. In addition, entry is allowed with a national French visa, which can be obtained at the French embassy or consulates. Citizens of Russia should contact the address: Moscow, Kazansky Lane, 10.

In addition to the standard documents for a visa, you must provide confirmation of your hotel reservation, an invitation from a private individual or a letter from an organization.

How to get there?

The size of the state does not allow building its own airport and railway station, therefore, tourists fly to the international airport in Nice, and from there they either take a helicopter or take a half-hour bus to get to Monaco.

From Paris and some cities in Spain and Italy, you will take a 1,700-meter long railway tunnel almost to the very center of the principality. The tunnel connects the lines of Italy and France. The station is located inside the mountain, and vertical escalators will take you into the city.

The station is also served by trains throughout the Cote d'Azur - this is convenient if you are staying on the French side, but would like to visit the dwarf state for a couple of days.

Located in the south of Europe, one of the smallest states on the mainland, surrounded on almost all sides by France, the Principality of Monaco can safely be called a model of excellent taste and love of life. Of course, the interests here are the most high-society: expensive yachts, swinging in an azure casino with awe-inspiring bets and breathtaking Formula 1. And the royal family is generally the main attraction of the principality.

We will try to consider all this in more detail in this article, dedicated to the amazing and attractive country - Monaco. Let's go there!

A little more geography

The Principality of Monaco, alas, is not flattered by the map. On it it is marked by just a dot, drowned in the vastness of France. And it can be quite difficult for an inexperienced person to find it.

But it is precisely this small size that is one of the most attractive features that forces tourists from all over the world to look for the microstate on the map. How many people want to get into this world of prosperity and refined taste, which, by the way, is guarded by an army of only 82 people! Can you imagine? And this despite the fact that in the military orchestra of the same Monaco there are 85 people. But they are not afraid, because France has taken responsibility for the security of the principality in the event of an attack by other states. Like this!

And for those who find it somewhat difficult to answer the question of where Monaco is located, we will explain: where the territories of France and Italy come together, about ten kilometers from their junction on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea there is a bright point that attracts wealth , luck and success.

Meet the ruling family of Monaco

This is one of the few modern monarchies where the powers of the crowned person and the real head of state belong to the same person.

Monaco is ruled by a representative of the oldest dynasty in Europe, Prince Albert II, he is the son of Prince Rainier II and the Hollywood star, the beautiful Grace Kelly. Albert's wife, Queen of Monaco (quite in line with modern trends) is an athlete from South Africa, Olympic swimming champion Charlene Lynette Wittstock. The royal wedding took place in 2011.

Since the worthy ruler of this small state still has no official heirs, Prince Albert’s sister, Princess Caroline Louise Margherita Grimaldi and her children are still considered as such. But the principality is waiting for the appearance of a little prince who will lead a prosperous country in the future.

Where is Monaco and how to get there?

We have already talked a little about where the principality is located in the introductory part, but anyone who decides to go to this land of dreams will be interested in the details. For example, how to get there?

The easiest and fastest way to get to Monaco is to fly to Nice, and then take a bus (the journey takes 45 minutes) or a train (no more than half an hour). If you have a car, then travel from Nice to Monaco is just a 30-minute drive.

In the absence of direct flights to Nice, the flight is made to the capital of France, Paris, from where it is 950 km to the principality, covered in a few hours by train.

By the way, the train station in Monaco, the photo of which we bring to your attention, is located right in the mountain. And when leaving the carriage, travelers get the impression that they have found themselves in some kind of unreal world. Which, actually, is not far from the truth!

A few words about where to apply for a visa to Monaco

An interesting fact is that permanent residents of Monaco are only 20% of its population, the remaining 80% are rich people and businessmen traveling back and forth from the principality. But nevertheless, getting into this miniature state is not so easy. It should be mentioned that since Monaco is a member of the European Union, a Schengen visa is required to visit here.

Due to the fact that there is no representative office of this country in Russia, travelers have to apply for permission to enter the principality at the offices located in Moscow (Bolshaya Yakimanka St., 45) and St. Petersburg (English Embankment, 42). There are similar centers in Nizhny Novgorod and Yekaterinburg.

Climate of Monaco

Since it is usually very important for travelers to know what kind of weather will await them at their destination, we inform you that in the places where Monaco is located, the Alps serve as reliable protection from the northern winds that bring cold, and the cool sea breeze will make the summer heat less debilitating .

This geographical position gives rise to dry, cool summers and warm, damp winters. So, in July the average temperature here is approximately +23 °C, and in winter, in January, it does not drop below +10 °C.

In Monaco, the best time to visit is the months from May to September.

Who lives where Monaco is located, or Features of the Principality

The autochthonous, that is, the original, population of the principality is the people called Monegasques. It makes up one fifth of all residents of Monaco and is recognized as a titular nation. Monegasques are exempt from all taxes, and only they have the right to settle in the old part of this city-state. This is prohibited for foreigners. It's a pity! It is from here, from a hill on Cape Saint-Antoine, that the most enchanting view of the sea and surrounding area opens up.

And now about the sights

In addition to the world-wide casinos in Monte Carlo and Formula 1 (by the way, its roar is strong and not in a figurative sense: visitors sitting in the stands are forced to cover their ears at the start so as not to lose their hearing), the country has a lot to offer number of interesting places for tourists.

Monaco is located on amazingly beautiful hills descending to the Ligurian Sea (it is part of the Mediterranean waters), and is the most densely populated state in Europe.

Its heart can be considered the ancient capital, located on a hilltop, Monaco-Ville. Here are the oldest buildings and the Cathedral, which does not fit into accepted stereotypes, built on the site of the ancient Catholic Church of St. Nicholas in 1875. Inside the cathedral, paintings by the famous artist Louis Brea are kept. It is here that all members of the ruling family have been buried since the founding of the principality.

The facade of this cathedral overlooks the admirable place where the residence of the princes of Monaco has been located for seven centuries. This is where official receptions and international negotiations are held. Every day at noon, unchanged since the founding of the principality, a ceremonial changing of the guard of honor takes place in front of the palace, which a large number of tourists gather to watch.

The 18th century fortress Fort Antoine, named after the great music lover Prince Antoine I and now an open theater, is also worthy of attention.

A little more about the wonderful places of the Principality of Monaco

Any resident of the city can tell you where the Oceanographic Museum is located. Don't forget to visit it! It is deservedly considered a masterpiece of modern architecture. The museum is located on an almost vertical cliff and has an underground aquarium. By the way, one of the very few where corals have taken root!

How beautiful are the gardens of St. Martin! This place in tiny Monaco allows city dwellers to escape from the hustle and bustle of the modern city in an almost pristine world, saturated with the aroma of herbs and flowers. The garden was opened during the reign of Honore V (first half of the 19th century). The sculptures standing along the small winding alleys that decorate the garden are a topic for a separate essay. Be sure to visit here!

Don't ignore the Church of St. Devota, which is considered the protector of the principality. By the way, on the day of memory of this great martyr, January 27, flowers always bloom around the temple.

Separately about museums

The most visited after the Oceanographic in Monaco is the Museum of Old Cars, founded by Prince Rainier III, who was a fan of them. He spent almost 30 years collecting a collection of vintage cars, which he presented in his museum. There are more than 100 models here.

And the Maritime Museum owns more than two hundred and fifty exhibits related to the sea.

The Wax Museum is a reflection of the history of the Grimaldi dynasty. All the figures are life-size, and many are also dressed in ancient clothes, preserved from the founding of the dynasty.

You can't say goodbye to Monaco!

As you can see, Monaco is a state where there are not only wealthy locals and powerful people who come to have fun, but also a huge cultural layer. And all this is located in the most amazing point of our planet. Here there is the grace of flowering gardens, the sound of the sea, the excitement of games, and the delight of tourists. And you will definitely return here!

National flag of Monaco.

Monaco is a principality in the south of France, one of the smallest states in the world. The area is 1.95 sq. km - 200 hectares, and 40 hectares were reclaimed from the sea. The population is 32.6 thousand people, of which only 5.5 thousand are citizens of Monaco (Monegasques). Monaco ranks first in the world in terms of population density. The preferential tax regime that exists in Monaco attracts many wealthy people here. However, obtaining Monegasque citizenship is very difficult, so the vast majority of the country's residents are foreigners (French, Italians, British, Belgians). The native inhabitants of Monaco, the Monegasques, are of French origin, partially mixed with Italians. The official language of Monaco is French, the spoken language is the so-called Monegasque dialect (a mixture of French and Italian). The majority of the local population professes Catholicism.

Natural conditions

The Principality of Monaco is located in the south of Europe, on the high, rocky shore of the Ligurian Sea (part of the Mediterranean Sea), protected from the north and east by the Alps. The length of the coastline belonging to Monaco is 3.5 km. On land, the country is surrounded by French territory (French department of Alpes-Maritimes). At a distance of 12 km from Monaco lies the French border with Italy.

Monaco is located on the southern periphery of the limestone Alps-Maritimes. The climate is Mediterranean with moderately warm winters (average temperature in January +8-10 °C) and dry, warm and sunny summers (average temperature in July and August +24 °C). There are up to 300 sunny days a year, and about 60 rainy days. The average annual precipitation is 1300 mm. They fall mainly in the fall.

The Maritime Alps protect Monaco from the cold northern winds. In summer, sea breezes have a cooling effect on the coast. Thanks to its mild climate, Monaco is a popular Mediterranean resort.

Political structure

Monaco consists of three merged administrative districts-cities - Monaco (capital, old town), La Condamine (business center and port) and, The industrial district of Fontvieille is distinguished separately. Monaco is a principality, a constitutional hereditary monarchy. The current constitution was adopted on December 17, 1962. The head of state, the prince, exercises legislative power together with the National Council (of 18 members), elected for 5 years. A deputy of the National Council can only be a Monegasque, born in Monaco and at least 25 years old.

Since 2005, Prince Albert II Grimaldi, a representative of the oldest dynasty in Europe (its 700th anniversary was celebrated in 1997), has been on the throne. In accordance with the treaty concluded with France in 1918, Monaco is an autonomous state under the protectorate of France. Monaco has a police force, but no army of its own, other than the 65-member Royal Guard. Defense matters are the responsibility of France.

Economy

Monaco is one of the world's tourism centers and the best resorts of the Cote d'Azur (Riviera), enjoying international fame. Up to a million tourists visit the country every year. Highly profitable industries have developed in Monaco - electronics, electrical engineering, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, precision instrumentation, production of building materials, earthenware, ceramics and majolica. Trade, serving tourists and making souvenirs occupy an important place. The country has a high level of employment and living standards. There is a state monopoly on the sale of tobacco products, the operation of the telephone network and postal services.

Monaco. Port.

Thanks to the preferential tax regime, hundreds of international companies (including large ones) and dozens of banks widely use the territory of Monaco to conduct financial transactions. State revenues consist of taxes from banks, hotels, resorts, casinos, revenues from tourism, sales of postage stamps, which are highly valued by philatelists around the world, etc. The Sea Bathing Society owns a chain of hotels, entertainment venues and baths (since 1967 - under government control). Contrary to popular belief, casinos in Monte Carlo provide only about 3% of the principality's revenue. The monetary unit is the euro.

Story

In the 10th-1st centuries. BC e. On the territory of modern Monaco there was first a Phoenician and then a Greek colony. A temple dedicated to the mythological hero Melqart (the ancient Greeks - Hercules, the Romans - Hercules) was erected here. In the 1st century BC e. this territory became part of the Roman Empire, and was later captured by the Arabs. In the 7th century. n. e. these lands were part of the Lombard Kingdom, and later - the Kingdom of Arelat.

In the second half of the 11th century. n. e. The Genoese took possession of the territory. On the site of modern Monaco in 1215, the Genoese built a fortress. In 1419, the Genoese family of Grimaldi finally established itself in Monaco. Monaco became an independent principality (under the protectorate of Genoa). The principality originally belonged, outside its current possessions, to Menton and Roquebrune.

Since 1524, it was under the rule of the Spanish monarchy while maintaining formal autonomy; in 1605, Spanish troops occupied the territory of the principality. Agostino Grimaldi entered into an alliance with Emperor Charles V in the wars against the French king Francis I. Later, Prince Honore I of Monaco assisted Spain in the defense of Malta from the Turks and in the naval battle of Lepanto in 1570. In 1641, the population of Monaco opposed Spanish rule, and the principality came under the protectorate of France, maintaining internal self-government. At the end of the War of the Spanish Succession, the Peace of Utrecht of 1713 confirmed the sovereign status of the Principality of Monaco. In 1731, princely power passed through the female line to Goyon Matignon, who took the surname Grimaldi.

Monaco. Princely Palace.

As a result of the Great French Revolution, the princely power in Monaco was overthrown, and in 1793 its territory was annexed to France. The Treaty of Paris in 1814 restored the Principality of Monaco, and the princely throne was returned to Honore IV. By the decision of the Congress of Vienna in 1814-1815, Monaco was transferred to the protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia. In 1848, as a result of the revolution in Monaco, Prince Florestan I was overthrown, arrested and imprisoned, and princely rule was abolished. In 1849, Florestan I was restored to the throne, but the Sardinian protectorate was terminated. In 1856, two cities - Menton and Roquebrune - declared their independence. In 1861, Prince Charles III sold his formal rights to the cities of Menton and Roquebrune to France and agreed to the establishment of a French protectorate in Monaco.

Monte Carlo. Casino.

In 1861, the Frenchman Maurice Blanc was given a concession to open a gambling house in Monaco. The international joint-stock company “Sea Bathing Society”, which owned the gambling house, built a casino complex in Monte Carlo (1861-1910, French architect C. Garnier). After the completion of the railway between France and Monaco (1868), the casino in Monte Carlo gained worldwide fame and became one of the main sources of income for Monaco. In 1865, Monaco entered into a customs union with France. In 1899, the Oceanographic Museum was founded, which became an international center for oceanographic research. In 1911, the first constitution was introduced, which provided for the formation of an elected National Council (parliament). Relations with France are regulated by a number of agreements. In 1951, Monaco and France signed a convention on mutual assistance in the field of customs duties, taxes, mail, and television.

Monte Carlo. Oceanographic Museum.

In 1959, Prince Rainier III (reigned 1949-2005) dissolved the National Council and suspended the constitution. In December 1962, a new constitution was issued. In the spring of 1962, a conflict arose with France, during which the French authorities established a customs cordon on the border with Monaco. The main reason for the conflict is Monaco's refusal to introduce some tax changes in the principality. In 1963, a convention was signed between France and Monaco on the levy of income tax on French tax principles. Only Monegasques, French people living in Monaco for at least five years, and companies with a share of Monegasque capital exceeding 25% are exempt from taxes.

Culture

This independent principality has been ruled by the Grimaldi family for 7 centuries. Prince Rainier III (1929-2005) ascended the throne in 1949. In 1956, he married American actress Grace Kelly. He has three children: Caroline, Albert and Stephanie. Princess Grace died in 1982 in a car accident. Monaco is home to one of the most powerful medium-wave radio stations in Europe - Monte Carlo. The television company “Tele-Monte-Carlo” operates.

Monaco. Cityscape.

Monaco is the center of many international organizations (International Hydrographic Office, International Academy of Tourism) and a venue for international meetings. The Oceanographic Museum, founded here in 1899, has become the largest center for research of the World Ocean.

The Formula 1 Grand Prix (Grand Prix de Formule 1) takes place every year on the weekend closest to Ascension Day (May June). The route is laid through the city.
The International Circus Festival in Monte-Carlo (Festival International du Cirque de Monte-Carlo) takes place every year at the end of January. The most famous circus groups in the world are fighting for the title of the best. On the last day, the jury announces the winner of the prestigious “Golden Clown” award.
Imagina takes place every year in February. One of the most significant European salons of multimedia creativity.
The Television Festival (Festival de Television de Monte-Carlo) takes place every year in February - showcasing the best examples of TV products.

(French Principauté de Monaco) is a dwarf state located in southern Europe on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea; on land it borders with France. It is one of the smallest and most densely populated countries in the world. It will take the average person just 56 minutes to walk across the country. The name of the country comes from the ancient Greek “monoikos” - “hermit”. The Principality is widely known for its casino in Monte Carlo and the stage of the Formula 1 championship, the Monaco Grand Prix, held here.

The country is a member of such international organizations as: UN (since 1993), OSCE, Council of Europe (since 2004), Interpol, UNESCO, WHO. The main office of the International Hydrographic Organization is located in Monaco. Monaco has 10 diplomatic missions in Western Europe and permanent representatives to the UN and the Council of Europe. Monaco has honorary consulates in 106 cities in 45 countries. 66 countries have consulates general, consulates or honorary consulates in Monaco

Story

The history of modern Monaco begins in 1215 with the founding of a colony of the Genoese Republic on the territory of the principality and the construction of a fortress.

On January 8, 1267, during the civil war in Genoa, Monaco was occupied by Francois Grimaldi and his supporters. This date is considered to be the beginning of the reign of the Grimaldi dynasty and the existence of the independent state of Monaco. Since then, for more than 700 years, the principality has been ruled by representatives of this family.

In 1789 the country was annexed by France.

The Treaty of Paris (first) on May 30, 1814 restored the principality within the borders that existed before January 1, 1792, under a French protectorate.

After the final collapse of the Empire, according to the Treaty of Paris (second) on November 20, 1815, Monaco was transferred to the protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia.

In March 1860, in gratitude for the military assistance provided by the French Emperor Napoleon III to the unification of Italy, the Kingdom of Sardinia ceded Savoy and the County of Nice, including Menton and Roquebrune, to France. On July 18, 1860, Sardinia withdrew its troops from Monaco, thereby ending the protectorate.

In 1865, a casino was opened in Monte Carlo and a customs union was created with France, which significantly boosted the country's economic development.

The first constitution limiting the power of princes was introduced in 1911.

In 1993, Monaco became a full member of the UN.

Widespread interest in Monaco was aroused by the wedding in 1956 of the then ruler Prince Rainier III (acceded to the throne in 1949) with Hollywood actress Grace Kelly. Rainier also launched active construction in Monaco.

On 31 March 2005, Prince Rainier III, being too ill to exercise his powers, transferred them to his only son and heir, Prince Albert. Rainier died on April 6, 2005.

Currently, the son of Rainier III, Prince Albert II, rules after the death of his father in 2005.

State structure

According to the form of government, Monaco is a constitutional monarchy, with some secondary signs of dualism. The head of state is the prince.

The country's government is regulated by the constitution, which came into force on December 17, 1962. The Constitution, in particular, although it proclaims the principle of separation of powers, the power of the prince is absolute (cannot be limited by anything or anyone). In 2002, the constitution of the principality was revised. Officially, the powers of the legislative body (National Council) were somewhat expanded.

The executive power is represented by the Minister of State (head of government) and the State Council (government) of four people headed by him. The Minister of State is a French citizen who is confirmed by the Prince for a period of 3 years on the proposal of the French government.

Legislative power is divided between the prince and the unicameral National Council (parliament) of 24 members, elected every 5 years on the basis of universal suffrage. In 2002, parliament received the right of legislative initiative (previously it belonged only to the prince). The Council can make amendments to government projects, approves the imposition of taxes. It also ratifies international treaties that change existing domestic legislation.

The judicial branch of government is also headed by the prince; various courts administer justice on his behalf.

Main political organizations: Union for the Principality, National Union for the Future of Monaco, Union for the Development of Monegasque Society, National Democratic Union. The Monaco Trade Union Association has about 5 thousand members.

Geographical position

Monaco is located in southern Europe on the Mediterranean coast near the French Cote d'Azur, 20 km northeast of Nice. On land, the principality borders on France, the Alpes-Maritimes department.

The country's area is 2.02 km² (which is almost half the size of Central Park in New York). The length of the coastline is 4.1 km, the length of land borders is 4.4 km. Over the past 20 years, the country's territory has increased by almost 40 hectares due to the drainage of marine areas.

Administrative divisions of Monaco

Administratively, the principality is divided into 3 communes (quartiers), which in turn are divided into 10 districts (wards). The division of the Principality into three communes was legalized by the Constitution of Monaco of 1911. Based on the amendment to the Constitution of Monaco of 1917, the Principality consists of only one single and indivisible commune, which in turn consists of 10 districts.

Population

As of 2006, the population of Monaco is 35,656 people. The population density is 18,285 people/km². Such a high population density is due to the fact that Monaco is a dwarf state. The annual population growth is 0.386% per year (2007 data). Average life expectancy according to 2008 data is 79.96 years. Women predominate slightly among the population. The ratio of the number of men to the number of women is 0.91 (according to 2004 data). 62% of the population is considered to be of working age. The literacy rate is 99%. National composition:
French - 47%
Monegasques - 16%
Italians - 16%
others - 21%. This large category includes representatives of 125 nationalities.

Religion

The official religion is Catholicism. However, Monaco's constitution guarantees freedom of religion. Monaco has 5 Catholic parish churches and one cathedral, which houses the see of the Archbishop of Monaco. The diocese, which had existed since the mid-nineteenth century, was converted into an archbishop's diocese in 1981.
Anglicanism

Monaco has one Anglican church (St. Paul's Church), located in Monte Carlo. In 2007, there were 135 parishioners who were citizens of Monaco. However, the church serves a larger number of parishioners, mainly tourists. The church also has a library with more than 3,000 books in English.

The Cultural Israeli Organization of Monaco (founded 1948) includes a synagogue, a Jewish school and a kosher grocery store located in Monte Carlo. The community (about 1,500 members) is mainly composed of Jews of retirement age from Britain (40%) and North America.

Economy

Advantages: Promised banking secrecy and low taxes attract billions of dollars from abroad. At the end of the 90s. the volume of funds stored in Monegasque banks had an annual increase of 18%. There is no external debt, foreign exchange reserves are about $ 2 billion. Low unemployment (3%).

Weaknesses: in accordance with the agreement with France, since 1994, suspicious accounts have been disclosed by banks, as has become the case in all other countries. Dependence on economic fluctuations in France and Italy. VAT generates 55% of government revenue. EU requirement to tighten banking and tax legislation. Lack of resources, complete dependence on imports.

The Principality is widely known as a tourist destination thanks to its casino and excellent climate: 300 days of sunshine a year. However, modern Monaco is characterized by a well-developed and diversified economy in which tourism plays an important but not dominant role.

The principality's GDP is estimated at 870 million US dollars (1999). The main sectors of the economy are tourism, construction, pharmaceutical, chemical and electronic industries, banking and financial sectors. The annual turnover of companies registered in the country exceeds 9 billion euros.

The unemployment rate is very low. The total number of jobs - 45,000 - exceeds the number of people in the country. A significant part of those working in Monaco are foreigners.

The Principality has a very liberal taxation system. The income of individuals (both citizens of the country and foreigners permanently residing in Monaco, with the exception of the French) is not subject to taxes.

The Principality has close economic ties with France. The two countries have common customs and financial systems. Monaco depends on imports of French electricity.

Until 2002, Monaco minted its own national currency, the Monegasque franc, however, on January 1, 2002, a new currency was introduced into circulation in Monaco - the euro. The country received the right to mint its own euro coins with a national design on one side of the coin.

Legal system

The legal system of Monaco belongs to the Romano-Germanic legal family and has significant similarities with French law. In a number of areas (insurance, telecommunications, postal services, etc.), French laws directly apply.

The Constitution of Monaco (Article 2) assigns to the Principality the status of a rule-of-law state based on respect for fundamental human rights and freedoms.

The main source of civil law is the Civil Code of 1881, which is a version of the French Civil Code of 1804. The Commercial Code of Monaco is also very close to its French counterpart.

Monaco's economic legislation is aimed at attracting foreign capital to the country by providing an extremely preferential tax regime. There are about 800 international companies and 50 banks operating in the country.

Monaco's labor law generally complies with international standards. Workers are free to organize into trade unions. The Constitution provides for the right to strike in accordance with the law. The law prohibits government employees from striking. The statutory working week is 39 hours.

The main source of criminal law is the Criminal Code of Monaco. The death penalty for all crimes was abolished by the 1962 Constitution (Article 20). The last death penalty took place in 1847.

In legal proceedings, with some exceptions, French law also prevails. According to the Constitution (Article 19), arrest (except for arrest at the scene of a crime) is permitted only on the basis of a court warrant issued no later than 24 hours from the moment of arrest.

Transport

Monaco is connected to the outside world through rail, road, sea and air transport.

The length of the railway network is 1.7 km. The gauge is 1.435 m. The railways are operated by the French national railway company SNCF. The Principality is connected to France both by regional routes and by high-speed TGV trains.

The total length of motorways is 50 km (All roads are paved) There are 6 bus routes in the country, as well as a bus service to Nice Airport. There are a total of 143 bus stops throughout Monaco.

The city has two seaports: in the La Condamine and Fontvieille areas.

The Principality is connected by helicopter to Nice Airport.

Climate

The climate of Monaco is subtropical, Mediterranean, with hot, dry summers (average temperatures 28-30 degrees) and mild, rainy winters (average temperatures 10-12 degrees. The majority of precipitation falls in autumn and winter. In general terms, the climate is similar to the southern coast of France.

Sport

Every year since 1929, Monaco has hosted one of the most prestigious competitions in motorsport - the Monaco Grand Prix, which has been part of the Formula 1 World Championship since 1950. The route runs along the city streets. The Auto Club de Monaco also hosts the Monaco Rally, which is part of the calendar of leading rally championships. However, the rally itself is held mostly in France, and only maintenance and exhibition special stages are held in the principality itself.

Also based in Monaco is the football club of the same name (FC Monaco), which plays in the French football championship. The club plays at the Stade Louis II in the Fontvieille area. At the same time, the Monaco Football Federation is not recognized by FIFA, and the club plays for France in the international arena. At the same time, Monaco is a member of the NF-Board, which organizes matches of unrecognized football teams.

Monaco hosts one of the stages of the Global Champions Tour (an international show jumping tournament). This stage is recognized as the most prestigious of the series, hosting the most famous riders from around the world. In 2009, the stage in Monaco took place on June 25-27.

In July 2009, the opening of the Tour de France cycling race took place in Monaco. On July 2, the opening of the Tour de France took place in the La Condamine area. On July 4, the first stage of the cycling race took place on the territory of the principality, cyclists rode 15 km along city streets, and on July 5, the second stage of the Tour de France began in Monaco.

In Monaco, the Stade Louis II traditionally hosts matches for the UEFA Super Cup in August of each year, in which the winner of the UEFA Champions League meets the winner of the UEFA Cup.

Culture

Monaco is a significant cultural center. Built in 1879 by the architect Charles Garnier (author of the Paris Opera), the Salle Garnier building is home to the Monte Carlo Philharmonic Orchestra and the Monte Carlo Opera.

The following people sang on this stage over the years: Nellie Melba, Enrico Caruso, Fyodor Chaliapin, Placido Domingo, Luciano Pavarotti. In 1911, the Russian Diaghilev Ballet was founded here by Sergei Pavlovich Diaghilev under the patronage of Prince Pierre of Monaco. Anna Pavlova, Vaslav Nijinsky, Tamara Karsavina, George Balanchine, Serge Lifar danced here. Later - Rudolf Nureyev, Mikhail Baryshnikov.

Monaco - capital and residence of the Prince of Monaco

The Academy of Classical Dance named after Princess Grace, headed by Marika Bezobrazova, was created in Monte Carlo. The Prince Pierre Foundation, founded by Rainier III in honor of his father, annually awards the Grand Literary Prize, the Prince Rainier III Music Prize and the International Prize for Contemporary Art.

The city is home to the famous Oceanographic Museum of Monaco, whose director was the legendary explorer Jacques-Yves Cousteau.

Every year Monaco hosts the International Circus Festival and the International Television Festival.

The Russian artist Georgy Shishkin works and exhibits in Monaco (Christie’s, 1999, Grimaldi Forum, 2006) - the author of paintings dedicated to Russia, “Russian Dreams”. Invited to the Palace to paint a portrait of the Prince of Monaco (1998), he created a number of Monaco postage stamps: “Salle Garnier”, “Monte Carlo Philharmonic Orchestra”, “Boris Pasternak”, “Portrait of Prince Albert II”, “Centenary of the Diaghilev Russian Ballet”.

Education

Primary and secondary education

Monaco has 10 public schools, including 7 kindergartens and primary schools and one secondary school (College Charles III), one lyceum that provides general and technical education (Lycée Albert I) and one lyceum that provides education in the tourism sector. Also in Monaco there are two private schools funded by religious communities (Institut François d'Assis Nicolas Barré and the Dominican School) and one international school (International School of Monaco)

Higher education

There is only one higher education institution in Monaco - the International Institute of Monaco.

Foreign relations of Monaco

Monaco and France have a very unique relationship. The French constitution states that this country does not recognize the independence of Monaco, but the independence of the Grimaldi dynasty. Thus, Monaco will be immediately occupied by France if the Grimaldi family is suppressed. Already, French troops may be stationed on the territory of Monaco. Monaco's sovereignty is guaranteed by numerous conventions with France. According to the agreement of 1918, 2 out of 4 seats in the Government Council, including the post of Minister of State, are occupied by representatives of France.

Armed forces

There are 82 people under arms. Monaco is apparently the only state in the world where the size of the regular army is smaller than the size of the military band (85 people). Sometimes there is work for the army:

" - This happened in 1962, - ... - The fate of Monaco hung in the balance. French President General de Gaulle threatened the principality to cut off electricity and water supplies if it did not stop luring bankers to itself and did not introduce an income tax. 80 guards of the Royal Palace and 207 The Monaco police were alerted. Fortunately, there was no war. The prince made concessions..."