Toponym(from the Greek place and name, name) - a geographical name.

A toponym is a proper name referring to any object on earth, natural or man-made. Depending on the nature of the named objects, the following are distinguished: the names of water bodies - hydronyms, names of objects on the land surface of the earth - oronyms, names of underground objects - speleonyms, names of small objects - microtoponyms, names of places - oikonyms, names of intracity objects - urbanonyms.

Toponymy- a set of geographical names in a certain territory.

Toponymy- a science that studies the origin, development and functioning of toponyms. Toponymy uses data from three areas of knowledge: geography, history and linguistics. In Russia, it began to develop successfully in the 1950s and 1960s. XX century. Studies of the toponymy of Karelia also developed intensively.

		The results of these studies attract the attention of not only scientists, but also all curious people who are interested in the culture, languages ​​and history of their region. It is for such readers that the book "Mysteries of Karelian toponymy: a story about the geographical names of Karelia" is intended. It went through three editions, appeared for the first time in 1976, and was reprinted in 1982 and 2007. Its authors Georgiy Martynovich Kert and Nina Nikolaevna Mamontova are well-known specialists in toponymy in the republic.
You will get a lot of interesting information about the names of cities, villages and towns, islands, rivers and lakes of Karelia that are well known to you from the dictionary of toponyms, which occupies a good half of the book.

Toponyms on the territory of Karelia developed over a long historical period and have preserved traces of the presence of different peoples - a kind of linguistic stratification.

A feature of the toponymy of Karelia is the presence of double and even triple names: in Russian and, until recently, in Finnish (official) and in the language of the local residents of Karelians and Veps (unofficial). At the same time, official names do not always coincide with folk ones.

Toponymy, along with data from other sciences, allows you to look into the distant past and present the history of the settlement of the territory of our republic. Most place names are hundreds of years old, during which time many of them have undergone inevitable changes and transformations. Keeping track of their fate is exciting and interesting. But without knowledge of the Finno-Ugric languages, often, one cannot do. Deciphering some toponyms requires special scientific research. And yet, scientists do not always come to unambiguous conclusions.

Name Karelia - Karjala has existed since time immemorial. The authors give several hypotheses of the origin of this toponym.

“The fact that the suffix -la - Baltic-Finnish (serves to designate a place) is recognized by everyone, but the opinions of scientists differ about the word “karya”: some raise it to the Finnish karja - “cattle, herd” (Karelians, i.e. . pastoralists), others associate with the Finnish kari - “reef, stranded; underwater rock". And the well-known Finno-Ugric scholar D.V. Bubrich believed that this word is not of Finnish, but of Baltic origin. Tribe karjala(in Old Russian "korela") or "mounted (eastern)" Finns (from the Baltic garja - "mountain, forest") was opposed to another tribe - hame(in ancient Russian sources "pit", "em") or "grassroots (western)" Finns (from the Baltic žemee - "land; lowland").

Many mysteries of Karelian toponymy have not been solved to this day. The authors encourage readers to collect and study geographical names, which are figuratively called "the language of the earth."

Used:

Kert, G. M. Riddles of Karelian place names: a story about the geographical names of Karelia / G. Kert, N. Mamontova; [art. V. A. Nakonechny]. - Ed. 3rd, rev. and additional - Petrozavodsk: Karelia, 2007. - 118 p.

The most ancient geographical names in Karelia - toponyms - are Saami. Common names are Finnish, in the west of Karelia, Vepsian, in the southeast, and Karelian. Three dialects are distinguished in the Karelian language: northern Karelians speak an dialect close to Finnish; Southern Karelians speak the Livvik and Ludik dialects, which are similar in many respects to the Vepsian language.

Toponyms of Russian origin often refer to medium-sized objects - tributaries of rivers, small lakes, islands, capes, rapids, or - to settlements. In their composition, the dialect terms moss "swamp", lip "bay", pile "cape", cracks "smooth rocky coast" are frequent.

Some Russian names arose as a result of rethinking the obscure meaning of the word in terms of sound similarity. So, the Sami Kuoss-yaure “Spruce Lake” can turn into Lake Kosoe, Karelian or Vepsian Soarikoski, Sarkosk “Island Threshold” - into Tsar-Threshold, and Maselkyajärvi (see below for the meaning) - into Lake Maselgekoe, Maselozero and, finally , Maslozero.

Most Sami, Karelian and Vepsian names are compound (moreover, the main stress in them falls on the first syllable, and secondary - on other odd syllables). The first, descriptive, part of them gives a description of the object, the second, terminological, indicates its essence: Musta-yoki - "Black River", Hauta-vaara - "Grave Hill". Often there are half-translations, where the first part is non-Russian, the second is a Russian translation: Myagostrov, Yukkoguba.

As for the name of Karelia itself (Fin., Kar. Karjala, Karjala), it is of Baltic origin - from the fire "mountain". In this version, the Karelians, that is, the eastern, "riding" Finns, are contrasted with the western, "lower" Finns - häme - from the Baltic zhemee "land, lowland".

Aita- fence: Aitozero, Aitoyoki.
Aitta- barn: r. Aitta.
Akk(Sami.) - a woman; supreme female deity, acca- baba, akan- babii: oz. Akan, Akonjärvi, Akkajärvi, Akankoski, Aka rapids
Ala- lower: Alozero, Alajärvi, Ala-Tarayjärvi.
ahven(Karel. ahven) - perch: Agvenlampi, Ahvenlambi, Ahvenyarvi.

vaazh(Sami.) - a female deer: the Vazhinka River, Vazhezero, Upper Vazhiny.
Waara, wuaru, wuori- hill, mountain: Vottovaara, Shalgovaara, Kukoinvaara.
Valkea, Valgay- white: Valgilampi, Valkealampi, Valgova Guba..
Vene, veneh, vene- boat: Venejärvi, Venozero, Vengigora, Venikhozero.
milestone, milestone- shift (an aquatic plant with an edible root): Vehkozero, Vehkusuo, Vehlampi, Vekhruchey, Kodi-Vehkajärvi.
View(Veps.), viita, viida- thicket, young spruce forest: Vidalampi, Vidany, Vidostrov, Vidthreshold, Viidrechka, Viitajoki
Wyrm(Saami) - network: Virma, Virmozero, Verman, Virmajärvi.
Vitsa, viccha, vitska(Sami.) - birch twig: Vitchevara, Vitchesuari, Vichcha, Vichangivaraka, Vitsakangas, Vychayoki, Vichka.
Viekse(Sami.), Viiksi, Viikshi (Karelian) - a branch, a drain from a side lake, a separate bay: Viksha, Viksilakshi, Viksozero, Vikshezero, Vikshalampi.
Viyare, viyaru- sinuous, oblique; false: Vyaraporog, Viarakoshki, Varalaksha. Many other consonant names (R. Vara, m. Varnavolok) originated from other words: varr - forest, varra - path, road.

Garbalo(kar.), garball, garbow(Veps.) - cranberry: r. Garbala, Gorbokoshki, Garbalova Selga, Garbova Gora, about. Garbishchi.
Girvas, hirvas(Karel.) - male deer: Girvas, Hirvasyarvi, Hirvatsari.

Yotsen, youchen, d "youtchen- swan: Eutsoyarvi, Evchenoi, Evchenvara, Evchelampi, Euzhiyarvi, Evzhozero, Devchenshuo, Devchenoi.

Yoki, yoki, d "ogi(Karelian joki, d "ogi), yoga(Saami) - river: Pistajoki, Kivijoki, Penega, Kozledegi, Pannokka, Kontyokka.

Kita, I'll find- narrow: Kaidozero, Kaidodegi, Kaidulampi, Kaitajärvi, Kaidunittu.
Kaisha, kaizla- reeds, reeds: Kashalilamba, Kashalioya, Kozhala, Kozledegi.
Kaya, kayi, kayeg- seagull: Kaivara, about. Kaigas, r. Big Kyai, Kaigozero.
Cala(Karelian, Veps.), kull(Sami.) - fish: lake. Kalo, Kalajärvi, Kuloma, Kulezhma.
Kalivo, callio- rock: Kalivo, Kalivokangas, Kalliojärvi, Kalvi.
Kalma- death; cemetery, Kalma- deity of death: Kalmozero, Kalmosari, r. Kalma, Kalmoniemi.
Kangas- boron; dry elevated place: lake. Kangas, Kangassari, Kangasyarvi, Kangashnavolok.
Kari(kar.) - roll, shallow threshold, from where Rus. carriage: Akankari, Orinkari, Copper carriage, Tulemskaya carriage.
Karnas, Karnas(Sami.), coarne(kar.) - raven: lake. Cornice, r. Karnizh, Karnizozero, Karnisvara, por. Roots.
Casquez(Veps.) - young mixed forest: Kaskeznavolok, Kaskesselga.
helmets- cutting in the deciduous forest: Kaskesselga, Kashkany, Kaskozero.
Kealg, kealgan(Sami.) - reindeer moss; a place suitable for grazing deer: r. Kalga, Kalgozero, Kalkoy, Kalgarvi, Kalkyanjoki, Kalgioya, Kalguvara, about. Kalgos, Kalgantsy Islands.
Keski(kar. keski) - middle, middle: Keskozero.
Kiwi- stone, stone: r. Kiva, oz. Kiwi, Kiviyoki, Kivijärvi, Kivikoski, Kiy.
Kint(Sami.) - parking place: r. Kindas, der. Kindasovo, then. Kintezma, oz. Kindozhskoye.
Kovda, guovde(Sami.) - wide: r. Kovda, Koitajoki, Khovdayarvi.
Carpet- curved, curved: oz. Carpet, der. Carpet, Carpet Lampi, Carpet Threshold, por. Koversky, Koverjärvi.
Koda, cat, cats- house, housing; hut: Kodalampi, Kodanlampi, Kodarvi, Kodaselka, Kotajärvi, ; Kotijarvi, Kotioya.
Koivu- birch: Koivusilta (silta - bridge), Koivuyoki, r. Koivu.
Kokka- in the Karelian language means a number of concepts from "hook" to "penis", in toponyms more often - a pointed hill, a mountain. These names are sometimes rethought through kar. cocco - pie, cocco - eagle; festive bonfire: Kokkolampi, Kokkozero, Kokkoostrov, Kokkosalma, Kokonniemi.
Condu, contu(kar.) - peasant yard; repairs. The term is found both in the descriptive and in the terminological part of the names: der. Kondoberezhskaya, Konda, st. Frontier Kondushi (kar. Rayakondu), Mount Raidakonda, Kondopoga.
Kontio, condi, condy, condi(Veps.) - bear: Kondiruchey, Kondylampi, Kontijoki, Kondyoya, Kontiolahti.
Corby- a thicket, an impenetrable damp forest, from where Rus. corba: R. Korba, der. Korba, numerous Korbozeras, Korbikoshki rapids.
korppi- raven: Korpijoki, numerous lakes of Korppijärvi.
Kostya, Kostya- backwater, shelter, in toponyms usually - leeward coast: Kostomuksha, Kostomuksha, about. Kostyan, r., pos. Kestenga, Kestoya.
Koski, cats(Karelian koski), beds(Veps.), kuushk(Sami.) - waterfall, threshold: Korbikoshki, Koshka, Pitkakoski, Porokushka.
Kuikka- loon: Kuykkavara, Kuykkalaksi, lake. Kuykka-selkya, r. Kuiko.
Kugk, kugkk, kukkam(Sami.) - long: lake. Kukas, oh Kukat, Kukkomozero, Kukozero.
kurgi, kurki- crane: der. Kurgentsy, oz. Kurgievo, Kurkijoki, Kurkijärvi.
Kuotska(Sami.), quotokuo(kar.) - interlake isthmus: por. Kotska, Kotkalampi, Kotkozero Kotkajärvi. In form, these names are closer to kotka - an eagle, but geographical realities indicate, nevertheless, the meaning is an isthmus. Perhaps this is the origin of the names of the three rivers of Kochkoma, although again, here we can assume the Sami. Kuotskem- eagle. kuiva- dry: Kuivasalma, Kuivashoya, Kuivajärvi.
Kuusi, kuuzhi(kar.), body(Veps.), kuse, kuossa(Sami.) - spruce: r. Kuzha, Kuzharvi, Kuzhatoya, Kuzhenga Kuzaranda, Kuzikoski, Kuzhnavolok, Kuuzhyarvi, Kuusiniemi.
Kulma- cold: r. Kulmes, Kylmäpuro (puro - stream), Kulmäjärvi.
Kylä(kar.) - village: der. Kurkunkula, oz. Kyläjärvi, about. Külaniemisuari (Island with a village on a cape).
Kyaadkay(Sami.) - rocky: r. Kyatka, Kyatkajärvi, Kyatkovara.

-la/-la. In the Baltic-Finnish languages, this element is usually included in the names of settlements formed from personal names: Ignoylo, Kukkoyla, Essoila, Lyaskelya.
Laaya, lavea, levea- wide, often in the meaning - transverse: der. Laaya, oz. Layani, Lavalampi Laviyarvi.
Ladva, Latvia, Veps. fret- top, peak, Sami. fret- pass: pos. Ladva, Ladvajärvi, Latvasyurya, lake. Latvo, Latvajoki.
Ladva, latva, lade(Veps.) - upper, peak, pass: pos. Ladva, Ladvajärvi, Latvasyurya, Latvo, Latvajoki.
Lambi, lampi(kar.) - forest drainless small lake, from where Rus. lamba- lake and lambina- lake-like extension of the river: Surilambi, Yuvilampi, Dolgaya Lamba, Kuchelambina, Volina-lambin.
Lappi(Karelian, Finnish) - the Karelian name of the Saami (Lop): Lapinjärvi, the Lopskaya River.
Lahna- bream: r. Lagna, oz. Lagno, r. Lahna, Lagnojarvi, Lagnoya.
Lahti, Lakshi(Karelian, Finnish lahti, laksi) - bay: Lakhta, Kinelahta, Rautalahti, Ovlunlaksi, Korelaksha.
Leppya (Karelian, Finnish leppa) - alder: r. Lepista, por. Leppya, Lepenjärvi, Leposero, Leppäniemi Leppyasyurya.
Linda- bird, linnun- bird: Lindozero, Lindolampi, Linnunvara.
Lisma(Karelian, Finnish), lick(Sami.) - silt, mud: Lizhmozero, Lizhma, Lizhma.
Louhi- block, rock: por. Loukhi, oz. Loukhskoe. In the Karelian epic, Loukhi is the mistress of Pokhyola (the country of the north).
suckers- salmon: Logiguba, Logikoski, Lohguba, Lohijärvi.
Luodo, luodot, luoto(kar.) - shoal; rock, reef; a small rocky island, from where the Russian. luda: Kuikaluoto, Heinaluoto, Leukaluoto, Rayamunoluoto, Torlakhdenluodot, Ivanovy Ludy, Krasnaya Luda.

Maa, mua(Karelian, Finnish mua) - land: lake. Maselga village Maselga, Maselga, Sea Maselga.
May and(Sami.), mayai(kar.) - beaver: Mayguba, Mayozero, about. Mayan.
Marya- berry, but Sami. moarri- swamp: r. Marina, Marnavolok, Maryarvi, lake. Maryo-Selkya
Uterus(kar.), uterus(Veps.) - way, road, moatk, mootk(Sami.) - portage, isthmus: village. Matkaselka, Matkozero, por. Matkozhnya, r. Motko, r. Reel.
Maigrew, myagrya- badger: r. Meghri, Megrozero, Megrega, Myagrek, lake. Magrino, Myagrozero.
Metsa, dream- forest (but metso, sword- capercaillie): Metchjarvi, Metchishari, r. Metchepuda, Mechchalambina, Metchozero.
Moaselga, maaselka, muashelga- watershed (maa, mua - land, selgya - ridge): lake. Maselga village Mashelga, oz. Oil, Oil Lake. All objects with similar names lie on large or local watersheds.
Musta, mushta- black: Mustlampi, Mushtavara, Mushtalampi, lake. Musta.
Muurama, muura(kar.), murm, goosebump(Veps.) - cloudberry: Muramozero, Murmozero, r. Muromlya r. Moore, Murashkoski.
Soft, soft(Karelian, Finnish maki, magi) - mountain, hill: Shotmyagi, Sarimyagi, Hietamyaki, Myagostrov ..
Myandu(Karelian, Finnish mand), pedai(Veps.) - pine: Myanduselga, Pedaselga.
Myantyu, myandu, myand- pine (young): Myandova, Myanduvara, Myanduselga, Myandujärvi, Mäntyutunturi (tunturi is a high mountain), Mäntäjärvi.

Naali(kar.), noall(Sami.) - arctic fox: r. Nala, oz. Zero, Nolozero.
Niva- fast - from the Sami. njavv- section of the river between the rapids: r. Nava, Nivakoski numerous short rivers Niva.
Nielm(Karelian, Finnish), nyalm(Sami.) - throat, pharynx, mouth of the river: Nelmozero, Nilmozero, r. Nyalma, Nyalmozero.
Niemi(Karelian, Finnish niemi), some(Veps.) - cape, pillowcase: Syarkiniemi, Kuokkaniemi.
Nilo, nilos, nilosh- a rock over which water flows: the rapids of the Nile, Nilosh, Nilaskoshki.
Nishka, Nishka, Nishka(kar.) has two meanings. The first is the source of the river from the lake: Fr. Niska, oz. Niskajärvi, oz. Low (explicit overthinking). The second is the beginning of the rapids: Kossaniski, Yumanishki, Ojanishko, Niskakoski, Vidanskaya nishka, Nishkakoshki.
Noarve, Norwegian(Sami.) - ledge, ledge: r. Narva, Narvijoki, r. Norva, Norvijärvi.
Nuotta- Seine: numerous Notozera.
Nurmi- meadow: lake. Nurmat, b. Nurmis, der. Nurmoila, der. Nurmolitsy, Nurmezhguba, Nurmiyarvi.
Nyura(kar.), neworra(Sami.) - a cliff, a rock, a rocky shoal: Nuorunen, Noruslampi, por. Nurus, Nuronavolok.

Oya, oya(Karelian, Finnish oja Veps.), woah, woah(Sami.) - river, stream: Korvenoya, Kalkoya, Kestui. Korvenoya, Kalkoya, Kestuy. In Russian usage, this element often turns into -va: Kerzhev, Tin, Petkuyevo.
Orava(kar.), hooray(Veps.), oarrev(Sami.) - squirrel: Oravruchey, Orovguba, Orovyarvi, Uravara.

Paya, paya(Sami.) - top, upper, drinking, drinking(kar.) - head, peak: m. Piyakko, Paezero, r. Pai, Paiozero, Peyjarvi, Pyajärvi, Pyaozero, Päyavara, Piaoya, Pyaoyä. Note that the Sami Payyaure - Upper Lake often turns into a lake. Boyar. Names of South Karelia like the lake. Payu, r. The Payudegs probably come from the Veps. share- willow.
Pada, pato- fishing fence on the river: Padaoya, Padozero, r. Padas.
Fell, fell- fire, burn, scorched undercut: r. Pala, Palalahta, Palojärvi, Palakoski, Palaoya.
Pana, pawn, pawnee, poanne(Sami.) - shallow lake, puddle: Pannoka, Puanoloya, Panozero, Panayarvi.
Pedya, petya- Pine: Pedaselga, Pedayashari, Petailampi, Petayavara, Petya-Jarvi.
Perth, pert(t)i, pirtti- hut, hunting and fishing hut: lake. Perty, Pertozero, oz. Pertti, Pertjärvi, Pirttivinta, Pirttilampi, Pirttipohja.
Perya- rear, back side, far side: Peralampi, Perguba, Periajoki, Peryanavolok,
Pieni(Karelian, Finnish pieni) - small, small: Pieniyoki.
Peel, sang(Sami.) - side, outskirts, ear: Pilmasozero.
Drink, drink- long, pizin- the longest: Pitkakoski, Pitkyaranta, Pitkoya, lake. Pisan, Pisansuo, Pisinnemi.
Poro, Peura, Pedro- deer: Por-threshold, Peurujoki, Peurakoshki, Pedrolambina, Pedrajärvi.
Pohja(kar.) - corner, edge, end of the bay: Kondopoga, Sopokha, Lakhdenpokhya.
Pudas, pudas- a branch of the river: the channels of Pudas, Pudashiegy, Kervapudos, r. Pudos, Pudozh.
pool(Sami.) - scorched: Pulozero, r. Pulonga, r. Puloma.
Puusto- stand, but rus. empty, wasteland - abandoned fields, fallow, mowing from under arable land. Therefore, it is not always easy to determine the origin of the river names. Empty, Pustinlahti, lake. Empty, Empty Lake, Puustinlahti, por. Pustoshkin, b. Pushtos (in the last two cases, car. pystös- dam).

Rant, rand, rand(Karelian, Finnish) - coast: Pitkyaranta, Kuzaranda, Randu, Rantasari.
Rauta, rauda, ​​raudu (Karelian raudu) - iron, iron: Ravduoya, Rautakangas, Rautalahti.
Reboy, repo(Karelian reboi) - fox: about. Rebay, Repoyarvi, br. Reboy, pos. Reballs (obviously through a personal name).
Risty- cross: Ristiniemi, Ristilakshi, Ristisari, Ristioja, Ristijärvi. But the names of Ristanvara lake. Rysto comes from the Saami. rysta - prey, kar. riista - game.
Hand, hand- resin, resin: Rugozero, Rukayarvi.
Ruoho, ruohka, horn- reed, reed, cattail: r. Big Horn, Rogansari, Rogozero, Ruagjärvi, Ruogojärvi, por. Ruach, Ruokoguba.
Pisces(Sami.) - partridge: Rybreka, Ryboya, Rybozero.
Ryame, rieme- moss swamp: der. Ramoe, der. Rampole, Ramozero, Ram-mokh, Ryamenjarvi, r. Remaka, b. Rema, Remazh.

Saari, Suari(Karelian, Finnish saari) - island: Salonsaari, Rantasari, Mäntyushari, Mustasaaret.
Sava, savannah(Sami.) - a reach on the river, a lake bay: Saavayjoki, Savozero, Savoy, lake. Shavan
Savi, savi- clay: Savivara, der. Savilatchu (lachchu - puddle), Saviyarvi, Shaviranta der. Shavilosho.
Salmi(kar.) - the strait, from where the Russian. salma and other Russian. straw: Kuivasalma, Suopassalmi, Oporovaya Salma, pos. Straw.
Salu, shalu- boron; wilderness: about. Salo, Saloostrov, Salnavolok, Salonyarvi, r. Shalitsa, Shalsari.
Sammal, shammal, Veps. Samau- moss: Sammalvara, lake. Samulus, Samogora, Samozero, Samnavolok, r. Samina, oz. Samaevskoye, Shamallaksi, Shamalvara.
Selga, selka - ridge, ridge: lake. Kavnizselga, pos. Selgi, Art. Kyappyaselga, Eroshkina Selga, Matveeva Selga.
Selka (Karelian, Finnish selka, selgu) - reach, lake: lake. Kavnisselga. More often selkya, selgya means - a ridge, a ridge, from where the Russian. selga: pos. Selgi, Art. Kyappaselga. In South Karelia, Rus. selga also meant - forest arable or hay land and was included in the names of many villages: Eroshkina Selga, Matveeva Selga.
saliva- ide: Syavnozero, Syavnyalampi, Syanozero, Syayunashari, Syunyajärvi, r. Syavnega, Shavnegozero.
Xuan, shuon(Sami.) - grass swamp, soen, shuon(kar.) - swampy: r. Sona, Sonozero, Sonostrov, Shunozero, Shuonyarvi.
Suoh(Karelian, Finnish suo) - swamp: Suojoki, Suoyarvi, Deukhishuo, Syapsesuo.
Suuri, shuuri, suvri(Karelian, Finnish suuri), Sami. yo- large: Suvri-Saviyarvi, Suuriyarvi, Shurivara, por. Shuripaya, Shuuriyarvi, lake. Shura-Reduni. Names similar in appearance can also be formed from syurya - side, side, edge (syuryajoki - tributary): r. Suri, Suriyoya, Surilampi, Suryapiya city, Syuryaoya. But there is also Suore - direct and Saami. surr, suorr - fork, fork, compare: Shurozero, Shuorishuo. In most cases, a map will help us, suggesting whether we mean the size, position or shape of the object. It is more difficult when the object is both large and straight and lateral, like a lake. Surgubskoye is a separate bay of Ukshezero in the Shuya basin.
suvya, suvya- deep: Syvä-Salmijärvi, Syväjärvi, Syuväjärvi. Similar names, especially such as Syuvyad "arvi. Syuvyad" ogy, often passed among Russians into names like Svyatozero, the channel Svyatlitsa / Svetlitsa, Svyatukha (Syuvya, Svyat-). So not all - the holy names of Karelia are truly holy.
Syarki(Kar.), Syarg (Veps.), Sergge (Sami.) - roach: Sergozero, r. Syargezha, Syargozero, Syarkiniemi, Syarkiyarvi.

Talvi(kar.), talv(Saami) - winter: Talviesdegi, Talvisari, Talvesuo, Talvilampi, Talvuslampi, pos. Tolvuya.
Tedri- black grouse: Tedrioya, Tetrivara, Tetrozero, Tedriniemi (Teternavolok).
Terva- resin, tar: Tervalampi, Tervajärvi, Tervukoshki, der. Terva.
Toarast, tueres(Sami.) - across, transverse: lake. Tarazma, Taraisjarvi, Tarasjoki, about. Tarasikha, Teresinalambi, lake. Toros, Torosozero.

Uros(kar.), oares(Sami.) - male: oz Uras, oz. Uros, Urosyarvi, Urosozero, Arziyarvi, der. Orzega.

Haapa, hoaba, Veps. hub- Aspen: Gabozero, Gabselga, Khaapalampi, Khabozero, Khapavara, Hapayoki.
Khavd(Sami.) - beast: Khavdozero.
Khangas(from where Russian. gangas, Saami. hankkas) - a trap, a hunting pen: Khangasyarvi, Khankusyarvi, lake. Khankash, Gangaslampi, Gankashvara, Gangos city, lake. Gangas.
Khanka, hanga- fork, hanko- pitchforks: Khangajärvi, Khangozero, Khangajoki, Hankovara, Khankasari, Khankozero, Gangozero.
Khanhi- goose: oh. Khanhipasi (paasi - stone slab), Khanhijärvi, Gangivara.
Haugi, hauki- pike: oz. Haugi, Haugijärvi, Haukioya, Haukiyoki, Haugya.
howda, howta- grave: por. Hauda, ​​Haudekangas, Hautovaara.
Heine- grass, hay: Geinozero, Geinolampi, Heinalampi, Heinäjoki, about. Heinäsenmaa, Henna Navolok.
Hieta- sand: Hietajoki, Hietajärvi, Hetolambina, Hedostrov.
Heishi, heishi, give birth, case Hiiden- goblin, evil spirit, remote bad place: Kheizyarvi, Hizhozero, Gizhezero, Hizh, Khizyarvi, Khiz-yarvi (Khiziyarvi), Khyisiyarvi, Hidenselysya.
Hirey- elk: Hirvisalmi, por. Hirvey, Hirvilampi.
Honka, hong- dry tall pine: Honkasari, Honkasalonselysya ave., Honkasuo, Gomselga, Gonginavolok, vil. Gonginskaya.

Chappad, chappes(Sami.) - black: r. Chapa, r. Chapari, oz. Chopcham and r. Chapai, Chaposero, Chapanshari, Cape Chapin (and near Chernye Islands).
Choalme(Sami.) - strait: pos. Chalna, Chelmozero, Chelozero, pos. Chelmuzhi, m. Cholma
Chuppu- angle: lip and pos. Chupa on the White Sea, der. Chupa on Konchezero and Sunozero, Chupa Bay
Chuuru- pebbles, small stone: r. Chura, Churalampi, river Churuzh, Churlakhta. Shivera comes from the Saami chivrai, which means - pebbles, cobblestones.

Yulia, Yule(Karelian, Finnish yla) - upper: Yulyajärvi, Yuleozero.
Yurkkya, yurkkyu- steep: the rapids of Yurka, Yurkka, Yurkonkoski, vil. Yurgilitsa, Yurkinnavolok, Yurkostrov.

Janis, Janish, Janiz, Januo- hare: Yanetsozero, r. Yani, oz. Janis, oz. Janish, Art. Yanishpole, about. Yants, Yanchozero, Yanikumu.
Yank (k) I, dangya- moss swamp: r. Yanga, Yangajoki, Yangajärvi, Yankäjärvi, r. Money, Dangozero.
Yarvi, arvi(Karelian, Finnish jarvi), jarv(Veps.), yavly(Sami.) - Lake: Suoyarvi, Kodarvi, Vyaragyarvi, Rodinyarvi.

WHERE THE NAMES COME FROM. . The names of Karelian cities and villages, lakes, rivers and hills can tell us a lot. Some of them, such as Petrozavodsk, Zaonezhye, Lososinka, Svyatozero, Belaya Gora, Sosnovy Bor, etc., are understandable to everyone. To decipher the numerous Baltic-Finnish toponyms, knowledge of the Karelian, Finnish or Vepsian languages ​​is required. In Karelia, older names have also been preserved, some of which come from the Sami language. There are also many toponyms, the origin and meaning of which is unlikely to ever be established.

RESIDENTS OF KARELIA We do not know what language was spoken by the first inhabitants of Karelia, who came here in the postglacial period (in the 10th - 9th millennium BC) from the Urals and Western Siberia, as well as the tribes who came later, about 2500 BC. e. , from the Volga-Oka basin. Untranslatable names remained from them, such as Vyg, Ileksa, Sandal, Suna, Kestenga, Uzhma, Shizhma, Shomba, Shoksha, Shonga, as well as some others that have the endings -ga, ma, -sha, -ksa, -ta , -Yes. Similar toponyms are found not only in Karelia, but also throughout the North-West of Russia.

BALTIC-FINNISH TRIBES The most significant layer of Karelian toponymy is Baltic-Finnish. Karelians and Vepsians (Korela and all) are the indigenous peoples of Karelia. By the end of the I - the beginning of the II millennium AD. e. they already occupied the entire territory of our region. Russian chronicles and Scandinavian sagas of the 9th-11th centuries present the first written evidence of the population of Karelia at that time. The word "Karelia" itself comes from the name of the Karjala tribe (in Russian - Korela - Karelians). According to the well-known Finno-Ugric scholar Professor D.V. Bubrikh, this word is of Baltic origin. In the first millennium BC. e. the Finnish-speaking population living near the Baltic Sea was in close contact with the ancient Balts (Lithuanian-Latvians). The Karjala tribe, or “riding (eastern)” Finns (from the Baltic garja - “mountain”, “forest”), was then opposed to another Baltic-Finnish tribe - hyame (in ancient sources - “pit”, “em”), or “ Grassroots (Western) Finns (from the Baltic žemee - "land; lowland"). The suffix -la at the end of a word is commonly used to indicate a place.

CONSTRUCTION OF NAMES The construction of Karelian, Vepsian and Finnish names is subject to clear rules. A characteristic feature of the Baltic-Finnish toponymy is that compound words often act as toponyms, the first part of which is a definition for the second. The second part of the toponym is a common geographical term: järvi (yarvi) - “lake”; joki, jogi, d΄ogi (yoki) - "river"; koski, koški (koski) - “threshold”, “waterfall”; lampi, lambi (lampi, lambi) - "a small forest lake, usually stagnant"; lakši, laksi, lahti (Lakshi, Lahti) - “bay”; salmi (salmi) - "strait"; niemi (niemi) - “peninsula, cape, pillowcase”; šelkä, selg (selga) - “mountain, ridge, hill, ridge”; vaara, vuara, voara (vaara, voara) - “mountain, hill covered with forest”; mäki, magi (myaki, myagi) - "mountain)"; suo (suo "swamp"; suar΄i, suor΄i, saari (suri, saari) - "island", etc.

These geographical terms can be included in the toponym not only as a second, defined part, but also as a definition. For example, Suoyarvi (Suojärvi) in translation means "swamp-lake" or "swampy lake". The names of some lakes and settlements (usually the ends of villages) include definitions: upper (elevated) - ylä, lower (low) - ala. Examples: Yläjärvi, Ylälampi, Alalambi, Alanjärvi. Toponyms may contain an indication of the nature of the landscape, soil features, for example, Maselga (maa - earth), Rautalahti (rauta - iron), Kallio-järvi (kallio - "rock, stone quarry").

Often the name indicates the size and shape of the object. The words usually used as definitions are: big (suuri), small (pieni), long, long (pitkä). Examples: Suuriyoki - "big river", Pieniyoki - "small river", Surguba - "big lip (big bay)", Pitkyaranta - "long bank", Pitkyakoski - "long threshold". There are many names that characterize the color of an object. The most common definitions are “white” (Kar. valgei, valgie, valged, Veps. vauged, Fin. valkea) and black (musta). Examples: Valkejarvi - "white lake", Mushtajärvi - "black lake", Mustalamba - "black lamba".

The flora and fauna of our region is richly represented in Karelian toponyms. The names of trees are often repeated: leppya (leppä) - alder; haapa (haapa) - aspen; kuzi (kuuzi, kuusi) - spruce; koivu (koivu) - birch; mänd, pedäi (mänd, pedäi) - pine. Examples: Myanduselga, Pedaselga, Koivuselga, Kuzaranda, Haapalampi, Leppyaniemi.

THE ROLE OF ANIMALS IN THE ORIGIN OF NAMES Animals played an important role in the life of our ancestors - they were objects of hunting, and, moreover, objects of worship of pagan tribes (just like trees). It is not surprising that the names of animals, birds and fish are heard in Karelian toponyms: hare - janis (jänis), bear - konti, kondi (kondie), fox - repo, rebo (rebo, reboi, repo), elk - girvi (hirvi), crane - kurki, perch - aven, akhven (aven), roach - särgi, bream - lahn (lahn), pike - haugi (haugi). For example: Janisyarvi - "hare lake", Repoyarvi - "fox lake", Kontiolahti - "bear bay", Kurkiyoki - "crane river", Akhvenlambi - "perch lamba", Syargilakhta - "dammed bay".

THE SAME NAMES CAN BE SPELLED DIFFERENTLY Another characteristic feature of Karelian toponymy is that the same names can be spelled differently. For example, Kostomuksha (Kalevala region) and Kostomuksa (Suoyarvi region), Koivuselga (Pryazha region) and Koivuselkya (Pitkyaranta region). The terms that make up toponyms sound and are spelled differently: “myagi” and “myaki”, “lahti” and “lakshi”, “lampi” and “lamba”, “selga” and “selkya”, etc. This is due to the fact that Karelians, Finns and Vepsians live on the territory of Karelia, whose languages ​​are related and similar, but not identical. In addition, there are three dialects in the Karelian language itself - Livvik, Ludikov and Karelian proper, which also differ in pronunciation. Differences in spelling also arise when the same-sounding name denotes different objects. For example, "Konchezero" is a settlement, but "Konchozero" is a reservoir.

WHERE THE NAMES COME FROM .. The names of Karelian cities and villages, lakes, rivers and
hills can tell us a lot.
Some of them, such as Petrozavodsk, Zaonezhie,
Lososinka, Svyatozero, Belaya Gora, Sosnovy Bor, etc.
- understandable to everyone. To decipher those encountered in
many Baltic-Finnish toponyms
Knowledge of Karelian, Finnish or
Vepsian languages.
In Karelia, older names have also been preserved,
some of which come from the Sami language. Also
there are many toponyms, origin and meaning
which are unlikely to ever be installed.

RESIDENTS OF KARELIA

We do not know what language the first inhabitants of Karelia spoke,
who came here in the postglacial period (in the X - IX millennium BC) from
Urals and Western Siberia, as well as tribes that came later, about 2500
years BC e., from the Volga-Oka basin. From them remained untranslatable
names such as Vyg, Ileksa, Sandal, Suna, Kestenga, Uzhma, Shizhma,
Shomba, Shoksha, Shonga, as well as some others with the endings -ga, ma, -sha, -ksa, -ta, -da. Similar toponyms are found not only in Karelia,
but also throughout the North-West of Russia.

SAAM

BALTIC - FINNISH TRIBES

The most significant layer of Karelian toponymy is
Baltic-Finnish. Karelians and Vepsians (Korela and all) -
indigenous peoples of Karelia. By the end of the I - the beginning of the II millennium AD.
e. they already occupied the entire territory of our region. Russians
chronicles and Scandinavian sagas of the 9th-11th centuries represent
the first written evidence about the population of Karelia
time. The word "Karelia" itself comes from the name
Karjala tribe (in Russian - Korela - Karelians). According to
famous Finno-Ugric scholar Professor D.V. Bubrikh, the word is
is of Baltic origin. In the first millennium BC. e.
Finnish-speaking population living near the Baltic Sea,
closely contacted with the ancient Balts (Lithuanian-Latvians).
Karjala tribe, or "mounted (eastern)" Finns (from
Baltic garja - "mountain", "forest"), then opposed
another Baltic-Finnish tribe - hyame (in ancient
sources - “pit”, “em”), or “grassroots (western)”
Finns (from the Baltic žemee - "land; lowland"). Suffix -la
at the end of a word is generally accepted to serve for
place designations.

NAME CONSTRUCTION

Construction of Karelian, Vepsian and Finnish names
subject to clear rules. characteristic feature
Baltic-Finnish toponymy is that in
Compound words often act as toponyms,
the first part of which is the definition for the second. The second
part of the toponym is a common
geographical term: järvi (yarvi) - "lake"; joki, jogi,
d΄ogi (yoki) - "river"; koski, koški (koski) - "threshold",
"waterfall"; lampi, lambi (lampy, lambi) - “small
forest lake, usually stagnant”; laksi, laksi, lahti
(lakshi, lahti) - "bay"; salmi (salmi) - "strait"; Niemi
(niemi) - “peninsula, cape, pillowcase”; Selkä, selkä, selg
(selga) - "mountain, ridge, hill, ridge"; vaara,
vuara, voara (vaara, voara) - “mountain, hill, covered
forest"; mäki, magi (myaki, myagi) - "mountain)"; suo (suo "swamp"; suar΄i, suor΄i, saari (suri, saari) - "island", etc.

These geographic terms may be included in
composition of the toponym not only as a second,
defined, part, but also as
definitions. For example, Suojärvi in
translated means "bog-lake" or
"marshy lake".
Names of some lakes and settlements
(usually ends of villages) include
definitions: upper (sublime) - ylä,
lower (low) - ala. Examples: Yläjärvi,
Ylyalampi, Alalambi, Alanjärvi.
Toponyms may refer to
nature of the landscape, soil features,
for example, Maselga (maa - earth), Rautalahti
(rauta - iron), Kallio-järvi (kallio - "rock,
stone quarry).

Often the name indicates the size and shape of the object.
The words usually used as definitions are:
large (suuri), small (pieni), long, long
(pitka). Examples: Suuriyoki - "big river", Pieniyoki -
"small river", Surguba - "big lip (big
bay)", Pitkyaranta - "long coast", Pitkyakoski -
"long threshold".
There are many names that characterize the color
object. The most common definitions of "white"
(kar. valgei, valgie, valged, Veps. vauged, fin. valkea) and
black (musta). Examples: Valkejärvi - "white lake",
Mushtajärvi - "black lake", Mustalamba - "black
lamp."

Richly represented in Karelian toponyms
flora and fauna of our
the edges. Names are often repeated
trees: leppä (alder); haapa
(haapa) - aspen; kuzi (kuuzi, kuusi) - spruce;
koivu (koivu) - birch; myandu, pedai (mänd,
pedäi) - pine. Examples: Myanduselga,
Pedaselga, Koivuselga, Cusaranda,
Haapalampi, Leppäniemi.

THE ROLE OF ANIMALS IN THE ORIGIN OF NAMES

Animals played an important role in the lives of our ancestors
- they were objects of fishing, and in addition,
objects of worship of pagan tribes (as well as
trees). It is not surprising that in Karelian toponyms
every now and then the names of animals, birds and fish sound: hare -
janis (jänis), bear - conti, condi (kondie), fox -
repo, rebo (rebo, reboi, repo), elk - girvi (hirvi),
crane - triggers (kurki), perch - aven, akhven (aven),
roach - särgi, bream - lahn (lahn), pike - haugi
(haugi). For example: Yanisjarvi - “hare lake”,
Repoyarvi - "fox lake", Kontiolahti - "bear
bay", Kurkijoki - "crane river", Ahvenlambi -
"perch lamp", Syargilakhta - "dammed bay".

THE SAME NAMES CAN BE SPELLED DIFFERENTLY

Another characteristic feature of Karelian toponymy is that
that the same names can be spelled differently. For example,
Kostomuksha (Kalevala district) and Kostomuksha (Suoyarvi
district), Koivuselga (Pryazha district) and Koivuselka
(Pitkyarantsky district). The terms sound and are spelled differently.
included in toponyms: “myagi” and “myaki”, “lahti” and “lakshi”,
“lampi” and “lamba”, “selga” and “selka”, etc.
This is explained by the fact that in the territory of Karelia live
Karelians, Finns and Vepsians, whose languages ​​are related and similar, but not
are identical. In addition, in the Karelian language itself there are
three dialects - Livvik, Ludikov and Karelian proper,
which also differ in pronunciation.
Differences in spelling also occur when the same sounding
the name refers to different objects. For example, "Konchezero" is a settlement, but "Konchozero" is a reservoir.