Disappeared village found in Omsk region [PHOTO]
In the village of Estonka, Sedelnikovsky district, there are solid houses, but there is not a single living soul. Disappear residents from neighboring villages. Employees of the Omsk Local History Museum made an expedition to the Sedelnikovsky district, where there are the largest number of abandoned villages in the Omsk region. Every year their number increases. So this year, this sad list was replenished by the unique village of Estonka, where people from the Baltics lived. The researchers who arrived in the village found preserved houses, but not a single inhabitant was there. The reason for their “disappearance” was explained by the deputy director of the Omsk Museum of History and Local Lore Natalia Karbysheva.
In 2014, there was a big fire there, half the village burned down. Relatives took the rest of the pensioners. It turns out that there are registered residents there, but they do not live there. And how will a few lonely old people live there if urman begins right behind the village? Nearby is the village of Lileyka. Once there was a street 2.5 kilometers long, but now there are 15 houses left. According to our calculations, this village will disappear in 5 years. There is a club there where even elections were not held this year. There is no school, the shop works at most 2 hours a day.
Omsk Local History Museum
According to the representative of the museum, for many Omsk residents such small villages were a small homeland. Now someone simply does not have a small homeland, since the villages where they were born have disappeared.
Omsk Museum of History and Local Lore
According to this indicator, the absolute leader in the Omsk region is the same Sedelnikovsky district, where 1-2 villages disappear annually. If this trend continues, then in 50 years there may not be a single settlement left in the Sedelnikovsky district! The same thing is happening in the Tara region.
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Not so long ago, all the Omsk media spread the news about an earthquake near the village of Knyazevka, Tara district. However, the inhabitants of the village of Knyazevka could neither confirm nor deny this fact, since they simply are not there. The last inhabitant of this village left Knyazevka several years ago.
The other day my uncle came to visit and brought a flash drive with old photographs of the village of Pakhomovka. This is near Omsk, forty kilometers to the south. This village is an important place for our family. There, in October 1941, a train came from the Volga, in which my grandmother was, and she returned there from the Vorkuta camp in 1948. There she was born and from there her mother left to enter Omsk.
As a child, I was sent several times to Pakhomovka for fresh air and raspberries. To be honest, there are few memories of these trips. A bus station, a stuffy lane, we drive for a long, long time along Old Kirovsk, as many more through fields with rare birch pegs, then on the right hand there will be an old Tatar cemetery Baibasar and consider that we have arrived. The sun always shines in Pakhomovka, cows walk the streets, chickens peck grain, and when their heads are cut off, they run around in circles around the yard; outside the village, the Berlin forest begins with mushrooms and strawberries, there is still a pit with crucian carp, a state farm garden with a watchman whose gun is loaded with salt, and a public bath where it is impossible to enter the steam room, because the peasants splash water on the stones to argue who will sit out who . That's probably all I remember.
And you look at the photo - it clings. Real, live.
Winter runs. Mom said that they were waiting all year.
Village wedding. In the background is my grandmother's house.
central Street
birders
village forge
HISTORY OF THE DISAPPEARED SETTLEMENTS OF THE ZNAMENSKY DISTRICT OF THE OMSK REGION
Yanbaeva Lidia Raifovna
1st year student, Faculty of Economics and Land Management, Tara branch of FGBOU VPO OmGAU named after. P.A. Stolypin, Tara
E-mail: lev-15@ mail. en
Sokolova Evgeniya Valerievna
scientific supervisor, Ph.D. Sciences in History, Head of the Department of Humanitarian, Socio-Economic and Fundamental Disciplines, Tara branch of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education P.A. Stolypin, Tara,
In our time, interest in the historical past of the country and its individual regions is growing and intensifying. From the history of small villages and villages, the history of the region, region, region, state is formed.
Over the past decades, many villages have disappeared from the Znamensky District, and some have shrunk to small, two or three farmsteads. Careless attitude to culture, to the historical past leads to irreparable losses.
The settlement of Siberia went both at the expense of government resettlements, and at the expense of free settlers who went to Siberia for a better share. Many of them turned to rich old-timers, the treasury or monasteries. The peasants, who received help from the monastery, were the first to settle on Lake Nizhny Izyuk and founded the village of Izyutskaya, the modern village of Znamenskoye. The village arose on an open shore 8-10 meters high at the northern end of the large Izyukov lake, the oxbow lake of the Irtysh. The growth of the population of Tara and the increase in the demand for bread forced the administration of the city and its residents to look for new areas for arable land. The centers of peasant settlements and the development of state-owned arable farming were the settlements, near which the fields of the “sovereign arable land” stretched, where, under the control of the villagers and clerks, the peasants carried out state work.
Work on the sovereign's arable land was a feudal duty and was of a compulsory nature. In the Tara Voivodship in the first half of the 17th century, the peasant population was small and therefore there were no settlements. The sovereign's arable land, established at the beginning of the century, was plowed up by the middle of the 17th century, and the yields were extremely low. The search for updating the fields has begun. The initiative came from both the administration and the peasants themselves. And for the sovereign's arable land, a new site was found - to the north of the inhabited area on the Aev River. In 1668, preparations began for the first two settlements - Bergamatskaya and Ayovskaya.
A powerful influx of immigrants in the late 19th and early 20th centuries diversified life in the Siberian regions. With their arrival, new lands are plowed up, new villages arise, new occupations appear. The influx of immigrants to Siberia was also facilitated by such reasons as the termination of land acquisition in the southern and southeastern provinces of Russia (Krasnodar, Stavropol) and the opening of the Siberian railway.
In the summary statements of household lists for the village councils of the Znamensky district for 1924 in the Znamensky district, 22 village councils accounted for 193 settlements and 6701 households.
Since 1924, territorial reforms began in the country: work is underway to enlarge the volosts and zoning the Omsk province. By April 1, 1924, the work to strengthen the volosts and create new districts in the Omsk province was completed. And on September 24, 1924 Sibrevkom approved a new territorial division. Out of 178 volosts, 31 districts were created. On May 25, according to the Decree of the Siberian Revolutionary Committee of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Siberian Territory was formed. On October 1, 1925, uyezds and provinces were liquidated, and 16 okrugs were created in the Siberian Territory instead. Omsk province was divided into three independent districts: Omsk, Tara, Slavgorod. There were 10 districts in the Tara district.
Initially, the Znamensky District was formed by the Decree of the Sibrevkom of September 24, 1924 as part of the Tara District of the West Siberian Territory and existed until June 17, 1929. The territory of the district was much larger than today. The village of Znamenskoye became a district center. In 1926-1927, the number of private handicraft establishments in the region was 437, the number of employees in them was 489. The number of qualified enterprises operating in the region as of October 1, 1926: state - 2, cooperative - 2. Two years later, only 2 cooperative qualified enterprises remained. : a sawmill with a capacity of 20,000 cubic meters and a steam mill with a capacity of 35,000 pounds.
In 1928, the most acute grain procurement crisis in the history of the NEP broke out, and the pressure on the peasants intensified. Demonstrative trials began over those who did not fulfill the grain delivery plan, hid the "objects of taxation" - sown fields, livestock - from an unbearable tax, general searches were carried out, often under the guise of searching for moonshine. Massive disenfranchisement of "kulaks" began - repressive measures preceding dispossession and exile. They began to include those who systematically used hired labor; had a mill, an oil mill, a blacksmith, a grain mill, a separator; rented complex agricultural equipment; rented out a room; was engaged in trade.
Most of the peasants fit these signs to a greater or lesser extent: someone hired a nanny, someone rented an apartment to a teacher, someone sold milk. Rural activists themselves decided who was a kulak and who was not. Personal accounts were not in last place. The deprivation of the head of the family of voting rights automatically extended to all family members: the elderly - parents, children. Moreover, if it was officially believed that only minors were deprived of voting rights, then in fact all children were deprived, “punished for the future.” Evidence of this is the long petitions of grown-up children for the restoration of voting rights, which are stored in the funds of the Historical Archive of the Omsk Region. After the decision was made to disenfranchise the head of the family, adopted by the meeting of the poor, the village council or the election commission, it happened that the next day, three to five times taxation followed.
Most of the settlements created at the beginning of the century lasted a little more or less half a century. There are several reasons for this, firstly, the dispossession of kulaks in the 30s of the 20th century, when small villages, which often consisted of one large family, were actually abandoned as a result of this process. Part of the castles, farms, small villages were reduced to larger settlements. One of the reasons is the outflow of the population to the city, who left, in search of a better life, not wanting to join collective farms, having independently liquidated their farms.
Collectivization and dispossession proved disastrous for the countryside. As a result of these repressive measures, many villages have disappeared or are on the verge of extinction.
The process of disappearance of settlements in the Znamensky district continues in the second half of the 20th century. The Great Patriotic War brought new trials to the Siberian village. The total pumping out of resources has brought agriculture into a state of deep crisis. The increased supply of meat, the deterioration of the forage base caused a decrease in the number of livestock. The number of cattle in the collective farms of Siberia for 1941-1945. decreased by a third. From 1940 to 1945, the area under grain crops in the collective farms of Western Siberia decreased by almost 30%. Due to the forced non-compliance with the necessary agrotechnical practices, the yield fell sharply. Bread in the region in 1945 was harvested 2.5 times less than in 1941. To restore the national economy destroyed by the war, for the territories liberated from the enemy, the collective farms were logging. The volume of logging in 1945 amounted to 19.585 cubic meters.
During the war years, the Znamensky district was empty by 23 settlements. The first reason is that the empty villages moved to their own settlements. The second reason is that men did not return to some villages from the war. The village could not live without male hands.
In the early 1950s, the country's agriculture, and in particular the Znamensky district, was in a deep crisis, which was caused by the lack of interest among farms in increasing production volumes, the confiscatory tax policy in the agricultural sector and its technical backwardness. Due to the forced nature of labor and the extremely low level of its payment, the collective farm system is characterized by a low level of productivity. The use of material incentive mechanisms in the agricultural sector is the most important lever for raising agricultural production. During the Fourth Five-Year Plan, the material and technical base of agriculture has been largely renewed and strengthened.
However, the presence in many territories and regions of small collective farms, which could not successfully run a public economy, became an obstacle to the comprehensive development of collective farm production and the solution of social issues in the countryside. In such collective farms, in the opinion of the party, the high-performance equipment received from the state could not be effectively used.
In the early 1960s, a new wave of reforms began. Backward, unprofitable collective farms were transformed into state farms. In March 1960, the Shukhovskiy state farm was created, which united half of the entire Znamensky district. It included over 20 villages of Shukhov, Zavyalovsky and Novoyagodinsky village councils. The state allocated enough funds for the development of the state farm: the tractor fleet expanded, mechanization was introduced in production for the first time, and a link system was introduced in field crops. State farm workers, unlike collective farmers, received monthly wages. It was very difficult to manage such a huge territory located on both sides of the Irtysh. Four years later, the giant state farm collapsed. On its territory in 1965, two state farms were formed: "Shukhovskiy" and "Zavyalovsky", which existed until the very perestroika. Along with state farms, five enlarged collective farms were formed at that time. They also successfully existed before perestroika. Elansky, Chebaklinsky, Firstovsky, Ust-Tavinsky village councils were added to the Znamensky district with a total number of farms - 787. From 1959 to 1979, the number of rural settlements in Siberia decreased by 52%. Many villages have disappeared from the map of the Znamensky District.
From the above, the following conclusions can be drawn.
The settlement of the territory of the Znamensky district is a long and complex process, which takes more than three centuries.
But not all of the settlements that emerged have survived to this day. In the course of the study, we identified several stages in the disappearance of settlements and the reasons for this process.
First stage- The 30s of the XX century. At this time, many farms disappear from the map of the region. This is due to the dispossession of the 30s of the XX century. One of the reasons is the outflow of the population to the city. In the course of collectivization, there were 93 fewer settlements in the Znamensky district.
Second phase- 40s of the XX century. During the war years, the Znamensky district was empty by 23 settlements.
Third stage- 50s of the XX century. In the 1950s a broad movement of collective farmers began to unite small collective farms into larger state farms. As a result, 60 settlements disappeared from the territory of the district.
Fourth stage- 60s of the XX century. Creation of state farms - giants, large collective farms. From 1959 to 1979, the number of rural settlements in Siberia decreased by 52%. In 1970, the number of settlements in the Znamensky district was 54, in 1980 - 51, in 1990 - 42 settlements.
Fifth stage- 90s of the XX century. In connection with the collapse of the Severny state farm, many were left without work. The villages have parted, deserted. According to statistics, as of January 01, 1991, there were 8 village councils, 42 settlements, 15228 people in the Znamensky district.
Cbibliography:
- Kolesnikov A.D. Omsk arable land. - Omsk, 1999. - 199 p.
- Kostina T.G. Here is the beginning of my homeland. - Omsk, 2004. - 150 p.
- Unpublished materials (thematic collections) of the Znamensky Museum of Local History (Znamenskoye village, Omsk region).
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