is a mountainous country located in southern Central Europe, in the heart of the Alps. It borders with Germany, France, Italy, Austria, Liechtenstein.

The name comes from the name of the canton of Schwyz, derived from the Old German “to burn”.

Official name: Swiss Confederation

Capital: Berne

The area of ​​the land: 41.3 thousand sq. km

Total Population: 8.6 million people

Administrative division: Switzerland is a federation of 23 cantons (3 of them are divided into half-cantons).

Form of government: Federal parliamentary republic. Each canton has its own constitution, parliament and government.

Head of State: The president is elected by parliament for a year from among the members of the government.

Population composition: 65% are Germans, 18% are French, 10% are Italians and 1% are Romansh.

Official language: German, French, Italian and Romansh are the national and official languages ​​of the Swiss Confederation.

Religion: 50% are Catholics, 48% are Protestants.

Internet domain: .ch

Mains voltage: ~230 V, 50 Hz

Country dialing code: +41

Country barcode: 760-769

Climate

Switzerland belongs to the temperate continental climate region. But, speaking about the climate of this country, it should be borne in mind that about 60% of its territory is occupied by mountains, so here you can get from winter to summer in two hours. The Alps are a kind of barrier that prevents the flow of cold Arctic masses to the south, and warm subtropical masses to the north.

In the northern cantons, winter is mild and lasts about 3 months: from December to February. At this time, the minimum temperature is -1...-4, maximum +2...+5 degrees. In summer (from June to August) at night it is usually +11...+13 degrees, during the daytime the air warms up to +22...+25 degrees. There is quite a lot of precipitation throughout the year. Their maximum occurs in the summer (up to 140 mm per month), the minimum from January to March (slightly more than 60 mm per month).

In the south, winter temperatures are almost the same, and summer temperatures are higher. The average minimum temperature is +13...+16, the average maximum +26...+28. There is even more precipitation in this area. From March to November, more than 100 mm of precipitation falls per month, and from June to August this amount approaches 200 mm. The least precipitation falls in January and February (about 60 mm).

The weather in the mountains depends on the altitude of the area. In the highlands it is snowy in winter. The temperature most of the year (from October to May) is negative both at night and during the day. In the coldest months (January and February), at night the temperature drops to -10...-15, during the day - to -5...-10. It is warmest in July and August (2...7 degrees at night, 5...10 degrees during the day). The maximum snow depth is usually observed in early April. At an altitude of 700 meters it lasts 3 months, 1000 meters - 4.5 months, 2500 meters - 10.5 months.

Geography

Swiss Confederation, a state in Central Europe. The government system is a federal republic. The area of ​​the country is 41.3 thousand square meters. km. In the north it borders with Germany, in the west with France, in the south with Italy, and in the east with Austria and Liechtenstein. The northern border is partly along Lake Constance and the Rhine, which begins in the center of the Swiss Alps and forms part of the eastern border. The western border runs along the Jura Mountains, the southern border along the Italian Alps and Lake Geneva. The capital of Switzerland is Bern.

The Jura Mountains, the Swiss Plateau (the so-called "middle zone") and the Alps are the three main geographical regions of the country.

Most of the country is located in the Alps. The average height of the mountains is 1,700 m. The snow limit lies at an altitude of 2,500 m. The Swiss Alps have about 100 mountains with a height of 4,000 m or more, as well as about 1,800 glaciers. The second highest mountains in Switzerland are the Jura. These mountains became famous thanks to excavations, which resulted in the discovery of numerous dinosaur remains. It was from the excavation site in the limestone Jura Mountains that the name of the geological period was given.

In Switzerland you can find everything that is found in Europe. It has gathered within its borders all the captivating contrasts characteristic of this continent, offering the attention and senses of the traveler a rare combination of natural and man-made attractions.

Flora and fauna

Vegetable world

About 1/4 of the country's territory is covered with forests. The composition of forests depends on the altitude above sea level. In the area of ​​the Swiss Plateau, up to an altitude of 800 m, broad-leaved forests of oak, beech, ash, elm, maple, and linden predominate. Above 1000 m, the broad-leaved species that remain are mainly beech; spruces, pines, and firs appear. And starting from an altitude of 1800 m, the main place is occupied by coniferous forests of spruce, fir, pine and larch. At the highest altitudes (up to 2800 m) there are subalpine and alpine meadows, thickets of rhododendron, azalea, and juniper.

The Swiss plateau is located in the zone of European broadleaf forests. The predominant species are oak and beech, with pine mixed in in some places. On the southern slope of the Alps the chestnut tree is typical. Higher up the mountain slopes, coniferous forests grow, forming a transition zone between broad-leaved forests and alpine meadows (at high altitudes). Crocuses and daffodils are typical for alpine flowers in spring, and rhododendrons, saxifrage, gentians and edelweiss in summer.

Animal world

The fauna is greatly depleted. While snow partridge and mountain hare are still quite common, such characteristic animals of the upper tier of the mountains as roe deer, marmot and chamois are much less common. Great efforts are being made to protect wildlife. The Swiss National Park, located near the border with Austria, is home to roe deer and chamois, and less commonly, alpine ibex and fox; Ptarmigan and several species of birds of prey are also found. There are numerous reserves and sanctuaries.

In the mountains there are fox, hare, chamois, marten, alpine marmot, and birds - capercaillie, thrush, swift, and snow finch. Along the shores of the lakes you can find seagulls, and in the lakes you can find trout, char, whitefish, and grayling.

Attractions

Switzerland is an example of a classic tourist country - elegant cities and famous resorts with cozy hotels, majestic mountains, pristine lakes and picturesque hillsides. Here, all the beauties of nature and outstanding creations of human hands are concentrated in a small space.

The country is replete with small towns with unique flavor, such as Biel - the “watch capital” with two official languages, the famous Solothurn - a city with Baroque buildings and many cultural monuments, Chur - the oldest city in Switzerland (2500 BC). ), Disentis with an interesting Benedictine monastery and museum (8th century), Münster with a Benedictine nunnery (8th century, UNESCO protected cultural monument), Guarda and Splügen - typical Alpine villages with many beautiful "chalets", the birthplace of Le Corbusier - La Chaux-de-Fonds with its International Watch Museum, Afoltern and Emmental, where the famous cheese exhibitions are held, or Romont with its Swiss Museum of Glass Painting. Each such town has a unique charm and deserves special attention.

Banks and currency

Swiss franc (CHF), equal to 100 centimes (rappen in German Switzerland). There are banknotes in circulation in denominations of 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 francs, as well as coins in 5, 2, 1 franc, 50, 20, 10 and 5 centimes.

Banks and currency exchange are open from 8.00 to 16.00 (some until 17.00 - 18.00) on weekdays, break from 12.00 to 14.00. Once a week banks are open longer than usual. Currency exchange offices at airports and railway stations are open daily from 8.00 to 22.00, often around the clock.

Many stores accept convertible currencies, and all major credit cards and traveler's checks are accepted. You can change money at any bank branch, in the evening - at exchange offices of large department stores, airports and at some travel agencies. It is better to change money abroad, since in Switzerland itself the exchange rate of the national currency is overvalued.

Useful information for tourists

There are no endemic infectious diseases in Switzerland. Vaccinations against such are not required upon entry, with the exception of those who have been in an epidemic area 14 days before arriving in Switzerland. Swiss medical institutions are among the best in the world. For a doctor's visit or hospitalization, you must pay a deposit in cash, traveler's checks, or provide medical insurance. You will be sent an invoice after your hospitalization, but you may be asked to pay on the spot.

The most popular items among buyers are jewelry, watches and chocolate. All major jewelry companies have their representative office in Geneva. For Switzerland, watches have become the embodiment of precision, elegance, and a kind of world standard.

It is usually not customary to tip, except in restaurants, where the tip is 10% of the order price. We advise you to read the bill carefully, not to save money, but to respect tradition, and never exceed a 10% tip. They are handed over only after the change to the centime is brought.

Yes, you probably know that Switzerland has the Alps, reliable banks and lots of chocolate. But you probably didn't know other - sometimes strange and crazy - facts about this country. For example, that this is the only direct democracy in the world, that it has the most liberal laws on weapons and yes, that even palm trees grow in it! Anyway, let's get down to business and read the most incredible and amazing facts about one of the richest countries in the world.

1. You probably would never think that Switzerland has some of the most liberal gun laws (there are 2.3-4.5 million guns for a population of 8 million).

2. This country also has one of the lowest crime rates in the world.

3. Foreigners make up 23% of Switzerland's 8 million population.

4. Switzerland has more than just mountains! In the south of the country, for example, palm trees grow - you will find them in the area of ​​​​Lake Lugano.

5. Switzerland has 4 national languages ​​- German, French, Italian and Romansh.

6. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit's Quality of Life Index, Switzerland is the best place to be born. This index includes employment indicators, crime rates, quality of life, healthcare system, sense of life satisfaction, etc.

7. The country has 208 mountains with a height of more than 3,000 meters and 24 with a height of more than 4,000 meters.

8. The stereotypes were true - chocolate is indeed the largest export product.

9. In the event of a nuclear war, the Swiss built bunkers capable of accommodating the entire population of the country.

10. Also, in case of war, they can easily turn their roads into landing strips by removing junctions and intersections.

11. Let's get back to chocolate... The Swiss came up with edible chocolate gold.

12. Swiss fines for speeding depend on the citizen’s income. Recently, a Swiss man who was speeding in a Ferrari was fined almost a quarter of a million dollars because he earned about a million dollars a year.

13. The Swiss live in the only country in the world with direct democracy. This means that any citizen can question any law and propose changes to the constitution.

14. Have you ever wondered why the Swiss domain is designated by the letters CH? Well, let's reveal a secret: because the name of the country in Latin (which, by the way, is often used in other areas) sounds like this - Confoederatio Helvetica.

16. In 2010, the average annual salary of a Swiss teacher was $120,000, while teachers in the United States earn an average of $35,000 per year.

17. Military service for men is compulsory from the age of 18. Due to the fact that a large part of the adult male population is in the army reserve, all men must have weapons and the necessary ammunition at home to be ready for action at a moment's notice. Did you think the Swiss were a bunch of pacifists?

18. In Bern there is a 500-year-old statue of a man eating babies from a bag. Nobody knows why this eerie monument was erected.

19. The Swiss army prepared every potential mountain pass and tunnel for possible bombing. For what? In case of war, Switzerland will close all routes of attack to the enemy.

20. Switzerland has no head of state. Instead, there is a board of 7 people who do all the work.

21. The country also does not have a capital, because it is not specified in the constitution (Bern is the de facto capital).

What associations first arise when a person hears the word “Switzerland”? Watches, cheese, chocolate, penknives, banks, mountains, alpine meadows... and, perhaps, that’s all. But this country is very curious and unusual. In this article we will look at some interesting facts about Switzerland.

A little about the country

Switzerland is a very unique state, small even by European standards, which, however, contains a lot of interesting and unusual things. According to the inhabitants of this country, its main asset is nature: eternal glaciers, mountain ranges, alpine meadows, blue lakes and waterfalls. Here, in a relatively small area, there are 1,484 lakes. Many of them are of glacial origin - these are reservoirs of unique beauty and transparency. This can be judged even from the photos given in the article. Switzerland is unusual in that no matter where you are in the country, a maximum of twenty kilometers from you will be a beautiful lake suitable for swimming. Mountains occupy two-thirds of its territory. In this regard, the state we are considering is recognized as the most mountainous in Europe. Approximately 14 percent of the country's area is occupied by nature reserves and parks in which pristine nature has been preserved.

Political structure

Even looking at the political structure of this country, you can find interesting facts about Switzerland. It turns out that it is the only confederation state in the world. This has been the case for a long time. In the Middle Ages it actually had a confederal structure. Modern Switzerland is actually a federal republic. Another interesting fact is that this country does not officially have a capital. However, this function is performed by the city of Bern. In Switzerland, the president is elected for a one-year term. And, what is most interesting, he is appointed in rotation, from seven members of the federal council.

Socio-political situation

This country has four official languages: French, German, Italian and The rarest language in Switzerland is Romansh, spoken by less than one percent of the country's population. Despite the fact that this state is located in and is not a member of the European Union, there are a huge number of offices and headquarters of various international organizations located here, including the Red Cross, UN, WHO, WTO, FIFA, FIBA, CERN, IOC and others.

Referendums in Switzerland

Another interesting fact is that the country’s legislation allows for a referendum to be held every Sunday. However, in practice they are carried out only a few times a year. As a result of one such referendum, the construction of new minarets was prohibited in the state. There are only six such architectural structures in Switzerland. However, they cannot perform their main function (announcing the collection for prayer), as this will lead to a violation

Let's look at some interesting information about this country.

1. Switzerland is located in the middle part of Western Europe and has no access to the sea, but has a very large fleet. Home The Lake Geneva Navigation Company is the owner of the largest number of inland water ships in Europe.

2. Military service is compulsory for all men in the country under the age of thirty. Its duration is 260 days, but they are distributed over ten years. According to the law, you can “opt out” of service; to do this, you will have to transfer three percent of all your income to the state fund for 30 years.

3. In Switzerland, before the advent of mobile phones, singing without words - yodeling - was used as a means of communication.

4. In Geneva, on the embankment, there is the largest flower clock on the planet. Their dial has a diameter of five meters and consists of 6.5 thousand fresh flowers.

5. In order to cut down a tree in Switzerland, you must obtain a special permit, even if the plant grows on your own plot of land.

6. Porcini mushrooms grow in abundance in this country, but no one collects or eats them.

There's a lot to learn here

By collecting interesting facts about Switzerland, you can also note its achievements.

1. In this state, the world's highest concrete dam (285 meters), the longest tunnel on the planet (57 kilometers) and the highest cable car on the continent (3820 meters) were built.

2. Despite the fact that the country of Switzerland is two-thirds mountainous, it is known for its export of milk and cheese. It is originally a peasant state, but produces the best watch movements in the world. One hundred and fifty years ago, Switzerland was one of the poorest countries in Europe, and today it is the kingdom of global banking corporations.

3. The citizens of this country are considered the most inventive in the world. After all, there are 2,286 patents per million inhabitants in Switzerland. The closest competitors are the Dutch - 1427 patents; South Koreans - 1139 patents; and the Japanese - 1118 patents.

4. The average salary here is 5,000 francs (3,900 US dollars), and the minimum is 3,500 francs (2,700 dollars). Inflation in this country does not exceed one percent per year.

5. Medicine in Switzerland is very modern and of very high quality, but it is paid and includes compulsory insurance. According to citizens of this country who have visited, the level of medical care is at the level of the Stone Age compared to the “homeland of cheese.”

Switzerland: interesting facts for children

Children in Switzerland start attending school at the age of four, but study only four days a week. An interesting fact is that higher education is free not only for citizens of the country, but also for foreigners. Swiss private schools are considered the best in the world. Tuition here costs from 25 thousand per year (800 thousand rubles).

A little about lakes

1. Lake Leman (Geneva) is the second largest in Europe.

2. Lucerne, or Vierwaldstättersee. This lake is, without a doubt, the most picturesque in the country. It is surrounded by mountain peaks covered with a white blanket, and magnificent emerald forests stretch along its banks.

3. Lake Lugansk is located in the south of the country, on the border with Italy.

4. Maggiore-Locarno. This lake is characterized by a mild Mediterranean climate, as well as lush vegetation and an Italianate landscape.

5. Murten is a small calm body of water with a regular oval shape. It is a favorite vacation spot for residents of surrounding towns.

6. Lakes Brienz and Thun. These stunningly beautiful reservoirs are located in the very center of Switzerland, in the foothills of the Alps. All conditions have been created here for active sports: alpine skiing, windsurfing, sailing. On Lake Brienz there is a stunning Giessbach waterfall; it cascades from glaciers directly into the reservoir.

7. Neuchâtel reservoir. This beautiful mountain lake, framed by the low peaks of the Jura, is located in the western part of the country, in the Clock Valley, close to the French border.

8. Zurich reservoir. This is not the largest lake, but Switzerland itself is located on its shore, which is the financial and economic capital of the country.

This amazing Switzerland

1. Mountains. The geographical map of Switzerland shows 48 peaks that rise to an altitude of 4000 meters - the most of any alpine country. Many different records are associated with these monumental natural structures. For example, here is the highest railway station in Europe - Jungfraujoch (3454 meters); the coolest funiculars, mountain trains and, of course, the longest glacier in Europe - Aletsch (23 kilometers).

2. The slowest train on Earth. The panoramic Glacier Express covers 291 kilometers in eight hours. Its average speed is 42 kilometers per hour. Despite this, passengers hardly have time to capture all the beauty of the wondrous country. On its way, the express rises to a height of 2033 meters, overcomes 91 tunnels and 291 bridges.

3. Sparkling holiday. Zurich hosts Europe's largest indoor Christmas market every year. There is a Christmas tree here, which is decorated with more than seven thousand Swarovski crystals. At the market you can buy original gifts, handmade souvenirs, and delicious treats.

4. No smog. Switzerland has twelve ski resorts. The movement of motor vehicles is strictly prohibited on them. Here, even city services use electric cars.

5. Hotter. Switzerland has the highest and largest thermal spa resort - Leukerbad. More than 3.9 million liters of water, at a temperature of 51 degrees Celsius, are pumped into thirty local swimming pools every day.

Switzerland - the most detailed information about the country with photos. Sights, cities of Switzerland, climate, geography, population and culture.

Switzerland (die Schweiz)

Switzerland is a country in Central Europe. This is one of the most beautiful and richest countries in the world, most of whose territory is occupied by mountains (the Alps and the Jura). Switzerland borders Italy in the south, Germany in the north, Austria and Liechtenstein in the east, and France in the west. This is a federal parliamentary republic, which is divided into 20 cantons and 6 half-cantons. The population speaks German, French, Italian and professes Christianity (the share of Catholics and Protestants is approximately equal).

The name of the state comes from the canton of Schwyz, one of the three cantons that founded the Confederation. Switzerland is a country of amazing alpine landscapes and picturesque small towns, blue lakes that reflect mountains and glaciers, and green valleys. This is a country of banks and watches, cheese and chocolate, which has maintained its neutrality for many centuries. Switzerland has a wonderful cultural heritage, stunning nature and world-class ski resorts.

Useful information about Switzerland

1. The official languages ​​are German, French, Italian and Romansh (or Swiss).
2. The currency is Swiss franc.
3. Visa - Schengen.
4. The standard of living is very high.
5. Population - more than 8 million people.
6. Area - 41,284 km².
7. The capital is Bern.
8. Time - UTC +1, in summer +2.
9. Switzerland is one of the safest countries in the world with a very low crime rate.
10. Tax Free - only available on purchases worth more than 300 francs.
11. Holidays: January 1 - New Year, January 2 - St. Berthold's Day, Good Friday (April-May), Easter (April-May), Holy Week Monday (the first after Easter), May 1 - Labor Day, Ascension of the Lord (in May -June), Pentecost and Spiritual Day (May-June), Corpus Christi (usually in June), August 1 - Swiss National Holiday, August 15 - Assumption of the Virgin Mary, November 1 - All Saints' Day, December 8 - Immaculate Conception Day The Blessed Virgin Mary, December 25 - Christmas, December 26 - Boxing Day.

Geography and nature

Switzerland is located almost in the center of Europe and occupies an important strategic position between the North and South of the continent. Geographically, the country can be divided into:

• The Jura is a mountainous region in the northwestern part of Switzerland.
• The Swiss plateau or Mittelland is the central part of the country, sandwiched between the Alps and the Jura. It is a hilly plain.
• The Alps are the largest mountain range in Switzerland, occupying 61% of its territory. They are divided into the Pennine Alps, the Lepontine Alps, the Rhaetian Alps and the Bernina Massif.

In terms of topography, most of Switzerland is mountainous. The average altitude above sea level exceeds 500 meters. The highest point in Switzerland is Peak Dufour (4634 m), the lowest is Lake Maggiore - 193 m.

In the mountains of Switzerland are the sources of the largest rivers in Europe: the Rhone and the Rhine. The country is also known for a large number of picturesque lakes: Geneva, Firwaldstätt, Thun, Zurich, Bil, Neuchâtel, Lago Maggiore. Most of them are of glacial origin. By the way, there are many glaciers in the mountains of Switzerland.

The nature of Switzerland is quite rich and varied. 1/4 of the country's territory is still covered with forests. The forests are dominated by oak and beech, while the mountains are dominated by spruce, pine and fir. The mountains and forests of Switzerland are home to deer, roe deer, chamois, foxes, hares, and partridges.

Climate

The predominant climate type is continental. The climate of mountainous regions is determined by altitudinal zonation. In the west of the country the climate is much milder, while in the east and south it is much harsher.

Best time to visit

Switzerland is open to tourists all year round and each season is good in its own way. If its main goal is ski resorts, then you need to come in winter. The off-season is quite suitable for exploring the country's cultural heritage and attractions. For trips to the mountains and lakes, it is better to visit Switzerland in the summer.

Story

The territory of Switzerland was inhabited back in the Stone Age. During the existence and heyday of the Roman Empire (from the 5th century BC to the 4th century AD), Celtic tribes (Helvetii) lived here. The east of Switzerland was inhabited by the Rhaetians, who were related to the Etruscans. In the 2nd century BC, local tribes raided the Roman Empire and even inflicted several defeats on the Romans. Switzerland was subjugated in 52 BC when the Gauls' revolt against Roman rule was suppressed. In the 3rd century AD, the Romans began to lose their position under the onslaught of Germanic tribes. By the 5th century, the north of Switzerland was captured by the Alamanni, and the west by the Burgundians.

During the Middle Ages, Switzerland was fragmented into several kingdoms, which were subjugated by the Franks during the reign of Charlemagne in the 8th century. Christianization of the population began in the 4th century. In 843, the territory of Switzerland was divided between Italy and Germany. At the beginning of the 10th century, the entire territory of the country was subjugated by the German kings and in 1032 became part of the Holy Roman Empire, under whose rule it remained for 3 centuries.

In the 11th-13th centuries, trade developed in Switzerland and new cities appeared. This caused the emergence of new trade routes. One of the main trade arteries of Switzerland was of great importance and passed through the valleys of Uri, Schwyz, Grisons and the St. Gotthard Pass. During this period, the Habsburgs came to power in the Holy Roman Empire. Fearing their oppression, on August 1, 1291, a military treaty was concluded that united Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden. This date is considered the founding of the Swiss Union and Swiss statehood. In the 14th century, the Habsburgs repeatedly tried to take control of the cantons, but suffered several defeats.

In the 14th century, the Swiss Union was replenished with Zurich, Lucerne and Bern. This led to increased tension between the cantons, which resulted in the Zurich War. It is interesting that large cities within the confederation received free status, had broad autonomy and conducted brisk trade with other cities in Europe. In the 15th century, new cantons joined the Swiss Confederation. In 1499, the Holy Roman Empire attempted to regain control of the unruly territories, but was defeated. By the way, around this period the first principles of Swiss neutrality were laid down.

In the first half of the 16th century, the period of the Reformation began in Switzerland. In 1648, the Treaty of Westphalia was concluded, which secured the independence of Switzerland. In the 17th and 18th centuries, life in the state was peaceful. During this period, industry developed in Switzerland, and the country itself grew rich in loans, turning into one of the main financial centers in Europe.

At the end of the 18th century, revolution broke out in the French-speaking cantons of Switzerland. The German-speaking cantons, led by Bern, tried to suppress it, but this led to occupation by France and the formation of the Helvetic Republic. During this period, the first constitution was adopted, modeled on the French one. After the withdrawal of French troops in 1802, the restoration of the old order began. In 1803, Napoleon returned feudalism to Switzerland, gave a new constitution and increased the number of cantons. In 1814-1815, the Congress of Vienna and the Treaty of Paris secured the independence of Switzerland and its neutrality.

In 1848, Switzerland adopted a new constitution. Since 1850, the franc became the common currency, and the capital was Bern. In 1844 the first railway was laid from Basel to Strasbourg. In World War I and World War II, Switzerland took the side of military neutrality. Although during the Second World War she collaborated with the Nazis. In 1999, a new constitution was adopted. Currently, Switzerland is one of the richest countries in the world. One of the largest physical laboratories, CERN, operates on its territory. It was also in Switzerland that the Internet was born. The first website, browser and web server were developed here.

Administrative division

Administratively, Switzerland is divided into 20 cantons and 6 semi-cantons. Cantons are divided into districts, which in turn are divided into cities and communities.

• Obwalden
• Nidwalden
• Neuchâtel
• Ticino
• Thurgau
• Aargau
• Grisons
• St. Gallen
• Glarus
• Fribourg
• Solothurn
• Basel-Stadt
• Basel-Lands
• Schaffhausen
• Appenzell-Ausserrhoden
• Appenzell Innerrhoden

Regionally, the country can be divided into:

• Northwestern Switzerland - Basel, Aargau, Solothurn.
• Zurich region.
• Central Switzerland - Lake Lucerne and the cantons of Uri, Obwalden, Nidwalden, Schwyz.
• Eastern Switzerland - the area between the sources of the Rhine and Lake Constance (Thurgau, Appenzell-Ausserrhoden, Appenzell-Innerrhoden, St. Gallen).
• The Lake Geneva region is the French-speaking part of Switzerland (the cantons of Geneva, Bern, Valais, Friborg).
• Southern Switzerland is an Italian-speaking region (canton of Ticino).

Population

Interestingly, 90% of the population of Switzerland considers themselves ethnic Swiss. However, the country does not have a common language. Language composition: German-Swiss (65%), French-Swiss (18%), Italian-Swiss (10%). Therefore, the most common language is still German. Religiously, the vast majority are Christians (half of whom are Catholics and the other half Protestants).

Transport

The largest airport in Switzerland is located in Zurich. Other international airports are located in Basel, Geneva, Lugano, Bern and St. Gallen. The country is connected by modern highways to Germany and Austria.

A vignette is required to drive on Swiss motorways. Its cost is 40 francs and it is valid for one year. The fine for missing a vignette is 200 francs.

Switzerland has one of the most developed railway networks in Europe, making traveling around the country by train very convenient. Also, many railways are very scenic. There are regular train connections with almost all neighboring European countries. You can also get to Switzerland by bus from some Eastern European countries, Spain and Portugal.

Speed ​​limits: 50 km/h - built-up areas, 80 km/h - outside built-up areas, 120 km/h - highways. Fines for speeding are very high.

It is permissible to drive a vehicle with a blood alcohol content of no more than 0.5‰.

Swiss cities and popular destinations

The capital of Switzerland is Bern. This is a picturesque ancient city with a beautiful medieval historical center, which is included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

The largest city and transport hub in Switzerland. It is one of the most dynamic Swiss cities with beautiful architecture, plenty of entertainment and leisure opportunities.

The capital of the canton of the same name, located on the shores of the picturesque Lake Geneva. It is a city of banks and museums, parks and galleries, where the UN headquarters in Europe is located.

The cultural capital of Switzerland with a beautiful old town and vibrant nightlife. This city is located on the Rhine River on the border with France and Germany.

Other popular cities:

• Lausanne is the capital of the Swiss canton of Vaud. This small city is the seat of the International Olympic Committee and a major university center.
• - one of the most beautiful and popular cities in Switzerland. It is located on the shore of the lake of the same name on the border of the Alps.
• Lugano is the capital of Southern Switzerland and the canton of Ticino. It is famous for its picturesque nature and cultural component of recreation.
• Interlaken is a small resort town located between Lakes Thun and Lake Brienz.

Switzerland amazes with a whole scattering of picturesque small towns that seem to have come straight out of a postcard.

Sights of Switzerland

Old towns and historical landmarks

The old town of Lucerne is located on the shores of a picturesque lake surrounded by mountains. It has a medieval core with ancient houses, bridges and landmarks. The main symbols of Lucerne are the 14th century bridge chapel and the famous sculpture of the Dying Lion.

For wonderful scenery and views, visit the viewpoints.

Chillon Castle in Montreux is a magnificent castle on the shores of Lake Geneva. It was built in the 12th century and for a long time remained the residence of the Savoy dynasty.

Saint-Pierre Cathedral, the pearl of the old town of Geneva. It was built in the 12th century and contains a large number of Romanesque and Gothic elements.

Cathedral of St. Nicholas is a beautiful Gothic church in the city of Friborg. Friborg itself is considered one of the most beautiful medieval cities in Europe.

The old town of Sion is one of the most picturesque in Europe. It is located on the Rhone River and has a charming medieval atmosphere. The most famous attractions are the Cathedral, the Witches Tower and the Bishops' Castle.

Oberhofen is a romantic medieval castle on the shores of Lake Thun, turned into a museum. There is a large and beautiful park adjacent to the castle.

Notre Dame Cathedral is the most outstanding example of Swiss Gothic, a grandiose medieval cathedral located in Lausanne.

Bern's old town is a maze of cobbled streets and ancient houses, the tallest cathedral in Switzerland and a medieval clock tower.

The charming old town of Zurich with beautiful architecture and interesting sights. Here you can find more than 50 museums and 100 art galleries. Bahnhofstrasse in Zurich is one of Europe's best shopping streets with trendy designer stores.

Natural attractions of Switzerland

The Matterhorn is one of the most famous mountains in Europe. This legendary peak is located in the Pennine Alps and has a height of 4478 m.

Jungfraujoch is one of Switzerland's most popular natural attractions, located in the Bernese Alps. At an altitude of 3445 meters there is an observatory and observation deck, as well as the largest glacier in Europe and the famous trail to Mount Eiger. At the foot of the mountains is the picturesque ski resort of Grindelwald.

Interlaken is one of the most popular summer resorts in Switzerland, located between picturesque lakes. Offers more than 45 scenic mountain railways, cable cars and ski lifts.

Lake Geneva is the largest alpine lake located on the border of Switzerland and Austria.

St. Moritz is one of the most famous ski resorts in Switzerland. Set among beautiful alpine lakes, jagged peaks and forests.

Lake Lugano is the pearl of the canton of Ticino. Here, subtropical plants grow among the alpine peaks, and the surrounding area is imbued with the color and atmosphere of Italy.

The Rhine Falls are the largest waterfalls in Central Europe. Located near the town of Schaffhausen.

Accommodation

Finding accommodation in Switzerland is not a problem. The country is a very popular tourist destination, so there are a large number of hotels, guest houses and even campsites of different price categories. On average, the cost of living in Switzerland is quite high. Although if you start looking for housing in advance or arrive in the off-season, you can find excellent options.

Kitchen

Swiss cuisine was formed under the influence of the culinary traditions of Italy, Germany, and France. Switzerland is historically an agricultural country, so most traditional dishes are easy to prepare. Many cantons have regional cuisine.

Popular food:

• Fondue is melted cheese with pieces of bread.
• Raclette is a dish similar to fondue.
• Rösti is a popular potato dish.
• Birchermüesli - muesli.
• Älplermagrone - casserole with onions and cheese.
• Zürcher Geschnetzeltes - veal with mushrooms in cream sauce.
• Malakoff - fried cheese balls or sticks.
• Apple Rösti - a sweet dish with apples.
• Tirggel - Christmas biscuits.
• Polenta, risotto and pizza in Southern Switzerland.

Traditional products: cheese, sausages, chocolate, meringue, wine.

Useful information for tourists about Switzerland, cities and resorts of the country. As well as information about the population, currency of Switzerland, cuisine, features of visa and customs restrictions in Switzerland.

Geography of Switzerland

The Swiss Confederation is a state in central Europe bordering Germany, France, Italy, Austria and Liechtenstein.

Almost all of Switzerland lies in the Alps and Jura mountains. The highest peak is Peak Dufour (4634 m) in the south of the country.

State

State structure

A federal republic (confederation) consisting of 23 cantons, each of which has its own constitution, parliament and government. The head of state is the president. The legislative body is the bicameral Federal Assembly (National Council and Council of Cantons). Executive power is exercised by the Federal Council (government) of 7 federal councilors (ministers).

Language

Official language: German, French, Italian

In the northeast of the country they speak Retro-Roman. Most Swiss people speak English.

Religion

About 48% are Catholics, 46% are Protestants, 6% profess other religions.

Currency

International name: CHF

The Swiss franc is equal to 100 centimes (rappen in German Switzerland). There are banknotes in circulation in denominations of 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 francs, as well as coins in 5, 2, 1 franc, 50, 20, 10 and 5 centimes.

Many stores accept convertible currencies, and all major credit cards and traveler's checks are accepted. You can change money at any bank branch, in the evening - at exchange offices of large department stores, airports and at some travel agencies. It is better to change money abroad, since in Switzerland itself the exchange rate of the national currency is overvalued.

History of Switzerland

The history of Switzerland dates back to the 12th millennium BC. It was then that the territory covered with eternal snow, under the pressure of global warming, began to become free of ice. Gradually the white cover changed to green, and the “revived” earth found its first inhabitants from the human race.

In ancient times, Switzerland was inhabited by the Celtic tribes of the Helvetii, hence its ancient name - Helvetia. Around the 1st century BC, after the campaigns of Julius Caesar, the country was conquered by the Romans and gained worldwide fame. In the 5th century AD, during the era of the Great Migration, it was captured by the Alemanni, Burgundians and Ostrogoths; in the 6th century - the Franks. In the 11th century, Switzerland became part of the “Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.”

Initially, the Swiss were not a single nation; Switzerland itself was a union of communities (cantons) striving for self-government. At the beginning of August 1291, the peasants of the forest cantons of Schwyz, Uri and Unterwalden, living on the shores of Lake Firwaldstät, entered into an alliance with each other and swore an oath to help each other in the fight against the rule of the Habsburg dynasty; in a stubborn struggle they defended their independence. The Swiss celebrate this joyful event to this day: August 1 is the Swiss National Day - fireworks and fireworks illuminate the Swiss sky in memory of the events of more than seven centuries ago.

For two centuries, Swiss troops defeated the feudal armies of dukes, kings and kaisers. Provinces and cities began to join the original union. The united allies sought to expel the Habsburgs, gradually expanding their borders. In 1499, after the victory over Kaiser Maximilian I of Habsburg, Switzerland was freed from imperial rule. In 1513, there were already 13 cantons in the union. Each canton was absolutely sovereign - there was no common army, no common constitution, no capital, no central government.

In the 16th century, a severe crisis occurred in Switzerland. The reason for this was a schism in the Christian church. Geneva and Zurich became centers of activity for the Protestant reformers Calvin and Zwingli. In 1529, a religious war began in Switzerland. Only a serious danger coming from outside prevented the complete collapse of the state. In 1798, the French invaded Switzerland and transformed it into the unitary Helvetic Republic. For fifteen years the country was under their rule. The situation changed only in 1815, when the Swiss introduced their own constitution with equal rights for 22 sovereign cantons. In the same year, the Vienna Peace Congress recognized the “permanent neutrality” of Switzerland and defined its borders, which are still inviolable. However, the unity of the union of cantons was not reliably ensured by the organization of a sufficiently strong central government. Only under the constitution of 1948 did the fragile union turn into a single state - federal Switzerland.

The history of Switzerland dates back to the 12th millennium BC. It was then that the territory covered with eternal snow, under the pressure of global warming, began to become free of ice. Gradually the white cover changed into green, and the “revived” earth found its first inhabitants from the human race....

Switzerland map

Popular attractions

Tourism in Switzerland

Where to stay

Switzerland is a country with a high standard of living, which has not spared such an area as the tourism business. All hotels in this country have their own classification and are characterized by a high level of service.

The highest category - Swiss Deluxe - includes hotels located in old historical buildings, completely restored and adapted to the needs of the guests. The windows of such a room will offer a beautiful view, and the interior will delight the eye with sophistication. Hotels in this category have not only first-class restaurants, but also golf courses, spa centers and much more.

The SWISS Quality standard includes five classes of hotels (similar to stars), which are located in large or resort cities. Five stars, or SWISS Quality Excellence, is awarded to hotels with a high level of service, careful approach to interior design, high-quality restaurants, etc.

Four stars, or SWISS Quality Superior, are hotels in which, in addition to special comfort, guests will be offered the use of a restaurant, a modern conference room, a gym or spa services. Hotels awarded three stars also offer good service and are suitable for both tourist groups and businessmen.

Campsites in Switzerland, which are located in picturesque corners of the country, are also rated from 1 to 5 stars. Please note that unauthorized accommodation outside the campsite is fraught with a police visit and a fine.

In small towns you can rent a room in private hotels or live in a real peasant house. For those who prefer some extreme sports, there is the opportunity to spend the night in a real hayloft.

Mountain chalets are very popular in winter. However, keep in mind that they must be ordered in advance.

Popular hotels

Excursions and attractions in Switzerland

Elegance and impeccability - this is how you can describe Switzerland in a nutshell. This is an amazing country in Western Europe with stunning natural landscapes and breathtakingly magnificent scenery. Switzerland is the majestic Alps with densely forested slopes, snow-capped peaks and world-famous ski centers, the picturesque Jura Mountains, numerous rivers and lakes with clear water, stunningly beautiful glaciers and waterfalls, as well as banks, watches, cheese and delicious chocolate! Switzerland is also famous for its abundance of interesting historical, architectural and cultural attractions.

The de facto capital of Switzerland, as well as the political center of the country, is the picturesque city of Bern, located in the valley of the Aare River. Of particular interest is the historical center of the city (included in the UNESCO World Heritage List) with its charming medieval streets with multiple arcades, fountains, beautiful architectural structures and a lot of attractions. Among the most interesting sights of Bern are the Cathedral, the Clock Tower, the Town Hall, the Parliament building, the Niedegkirche church, the Historical Museum, the Museum of Fine Arts, the Bear Pit and the magnificent Rose Garden. No less interesting are the Albert Einstein House Museum, the Museum of Antiques, the Church of Saints Peter and Paul, the Dutch Tower, the Botanical Garden and, of course, the famous Berne fountains - “Child Eater”, “Zehringer”, “Messenger”, “Moses”, "Anna Sailer" and others.

Zurich, the largest city in Switzerland, a global financial center and the center of the country's cultural life, is especially popular among tourists. The city is located in a picturesque valley on the banks of Lake Zurich and the Limmat River. Zurich is a city of museums and galleries, beautiful architectural and historical monuments, fashionable shops and fashionable restaurants, with a vibrant nightlife and an abundance of a wide variety of cultural events (festivals, concerts, theater and musical performances, exhibitions, etc.). You should definitely take a stroll through the narrow medieval streets of the “old town”, which are lined with charming Gothic-style houses with many cozy cafes, excellent pastry shops and antique shops. Among the main attractions of Zurich are the Grossmünster Cathedral, the Fraumünster Church, St. Peter's Church, the Town Hall, the Swiss National Museum, the Zurich Art House (Kunsthaus), the University, Lindenhof and the Opera House - one of the best theaters in Europe. Also worth visiting are the Wasserkirche and Predigerkirche churches, the Dinosaur Museum, the Toy Museum, the Tram Museum, the Emil Bührle Foundation Collection and the Zoo. You can enjoy stunning panoramic views of Zurich and its surroundings from the observation deck on Mount Utliberg.

Of course, such interesting sights as Chillon Castle, a few kilometers from the famous Swiss resort of Montreux, the castles of Bellinzona and the Benedictine Monastery of St. John in the village of Müstair, also deserve special attention. However, you will get a lot of pleasure and unforgettable impressions by visiting such charming Swiss cities as Geneva, Lausanne, Lucerne, Basel, as well as Neuchâtel, Interlaken, Aarau, Saas-Fee and St. Gallen with its famous monastery.

Among the abundance of natural attractions in Switzerland, it is worth noting the Matterhorn and Pilatus mountains, Lake Geneva, the Jungfrau Mountain and the Aletsch Glacier, the Giessbach Falls, the Trummelbach Falls, the Beatus Caves, Lake Lugano, Lake Lucerne, the Magja Valley, as well as the Rhine and Reichenbach Falls. The Swiss National Park is also very popular.

Tips

Despite the fact that in a restaurant a service charge is included in the bill, if you want to thank for good service, you can leave a few coins to the waiter or round up the payment amount. It is customary to leave 1-2 francs for porters in hotels.

Visa

Office hours

Banks are open from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. (some until 6 p.m.) on weekdays, with a break from 12 p.m. to 2 p.m. Once a week, banks are open longer than usual. Currency exchange offices at airports and railway stations are open daily from 8 a.m. to 10 p.m., often around the clock.

Shops are open on weekdays from 8.30 to 18.30, some are open until 22. On Saturday, all shops are open from 8 to 12 and from 14 to 16. In large cities, some shops are open without a lunch break, but are closed on Monday in the first half of the day .

Purchases

Value added tax (VAT) in Switzerland is 7.5%. In hotels and restaurants, all taxes are included in the bill. For purchases over CHF 500 in one store, you can receive a VAT refund. To do this, you need to get a “Tax-free Shopping Check” from the store (a passport is required), according to which, when leaving the country, you must pay VAT at the bank at the airport or have it stamped. In this case, upon returning home, the stamped form must be sent by mail to receive a VAT refund check. In large stores, VAT is refunded on site upon presentation of your passport.

Safety

The crime rate in Switzerland is very low. However, you should beware of pickpockets and bag snatchers.

Emergency numbers

Police - 117
Fire services - 118
Ambulance - 14

Photos of Switzerland

Questions and feedback about Switzerland

Lausanne - Questions and Answers

Zurich - Questions and Answers

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Zurich - Questions and Answers

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