(election fraud) and terror (kidnapping and organizing the murder of student Aysa Khulaeva).

content

Terror ist

In 2018.09.09, Salaev participates in the elections to the local authorities of Kalmykia. Realizing his stubbornness and the odiousness of the party in which he is a member, Salaev Badma Katinovich commits treason to the Motherland by organizing electoral fraud. At one of the polling stations, Primanych PEC 81, this fraud turns out to be registered by video recording.

Having learned who made this video, Salaev organizes the abduction of the witness and, judging by the publications, plans to kill her.

2018.09.11, there are reports that the witness has been abducted.

Widespread publicity, distribution of the video and information that the witness was kidnapped, is forcing the terrorists to refuse to kill her, or at least postpone the massacre for the future.

accomplices

Apparently, members of other election commissions are also accomplices, whose fraud in 2018 is not documented.

In addition, they are suspected of complicity

In addition, Basanov V.N. was named.

Corruption

Publications about Salaev are in good agreement with the concept. Russian officials benefit from terrorist attacks.

Publications about Salaev are in good agreement with the term "Party of Crooks and Thieves" that defines the unit.

Reports about Salaev are in good agreement with the general concept that corruption in Russia in the 21st century has not only assumed a large-scale character, but has become a common, everyday phenomenon that characterizes life itself in the society of Russian officials.

Gallery

Warning

Reports of electoral fraud and the kidnapping of a witness are not grounds for extrajudicial reprisals against Salaev and his accomplices.

References

1. http://www.tadviser.ru/index.php/ Person: Salaev_Badma_Katinovich Salaev Badma Katinovich - Rector of Kalmyk State University. Biography. Badma was born on March 24, 1966 in the village of Khomutnikovo Iki - Burulsky district of the Republic of Kalmykia. In 1990 he graduated from the Kalmyk State University with a degree in Zootechnics. In 2004 he defended his thesis on the topic "Formation of value orientations as a means of overcoming the deviant behavior of adolescents" with the award of the degree of candidate of pedagogical sciences. He worked as deputy secretary of the Komsomol committee of the University, leading specialist of the press sector of the Secretariat of the Supreme Soviet of the Kalmyk SSR, secretary of the Komsomol committee of the Kalmyk State University. From 1991 to 1992 he worked as the head of the department for youth affairs of the Elista city executive committee. In 1992 and until 1993, Badma worked as the head of the youth and sports department, chairman of the youth affairs committee of the Elista city administration. From 1993 to 1998 he was the chief specialist of the Office of the Representative of the President of the Republic of Kalmykia. In 1998, he became the head of the department for youth affairs, tourism and sports of the city hall of Elista, where he worked until 1999. Since 1999, Badma Salaev moved to work in the executive authorities of the republic: since 1999, she worked as the chief specialist of the secretariat of the First Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Republic of Kalmykia; since March 1999, Salaev became the Deputy Minister of General and Vocational Education of the Republic of Kalmykia; from January 2003 to 2007, he was the Minister of Education and Science of the Republic of Kalmykia. Since January 2011, Badma Salaev has been working as the rector of the Kalmyk State University. ..
2. http://www.spravedlivo.ru/9109610 Sergei Mironov turned to Vladimir Kolokoltsev with a demand to protect against pressure an observer who had recorded stuffing in the elections in Kalmykia. September 10, 2018.
3. http://kalmykia.sledcom.ru/about/head/item/851401/?pdf=1 Nadbitov Anatoly Dmitrievich Deputy Head of the Investigation Department of the Investigative Committee of the Russian .. (2018)
4. https://ria.ru/politics/20100921/277707340.html Change of head of the Republic of Kalmykia (17) 10:5021.09.2010 (updated: 10:52 21.09.2010) Russian President Dmitry Medvedev submitted to the People's Khural (parliament) of Kalmykia the candidacy of Alexei Orlov, who previously served as the first deputy chairman of the government of the republic, the Kremlin press service announced on Tuesday. MOSCOW, September 21 - RIA Novosti. Russian President Dmitry Medvedev submitted the candidacy of Alexei Orlov, who previously served as the republic's first deputy prime minister, to the People's Khural (parliament) of Kalmykia, the Kremlin's press service said on Tuesday. By now, the region has been headed by Kirsan Ilyumzhinov for 17 years. His term of office expires October 24. The fact that Ilyumzhinov will leave the post of head of the republic, it became known in early September. He himself stated that he did not intend to apply for a new term, but plans to continue working in the International Chess Federation. After that, United Russia proposed four candidates to the President of the Russian Federation for the post of head of Kalmykia. In addition to Alexei Orlov, the list also included Deputy Head of the Administration of the Volgograd Region Alexander Dorzhdeev, Chairman of the People's Khural (Parliament) of Kalmykia Anatoly Kozachko and Deputy Head of the Federal Service for Financial Markets Bembya Khulkhachiev. Alexei Orlov also holds the post of permanent representative of Kalmykia to the President of the Russian Federation.

According to RIA Kalmykia, a well-known doctor in Russia and abroad - coloproctologist, surgeon Badma Bashankaev performed laparoscopic operations in Elista. Badma Bashankaev arrived in Kalmykia at the invitation of a member of the deputy faction of the United Russia party in the EGS, Vice-Rector for Economics and Innovations, Doctor of Economics, Professor Elza Mantaeva and with the support of the rector of KalmSU Badmy Salaeva. Three high-tech operations for cancer patients in Kalmykia Head of the GMS Surgery Center, Director of the International School of Practical Surgery, member of the Public and Business Council under the Government of the Russian Federation, the American Society of Colorectal Surgeons, guest lecturer of the European Society of Endoscopic Surgery Badma Bashankaev carried out in the republican hospital named after P.P. Zhemchuev. The master class was attended by his Kalmyk colleagues, who Badma Nikolaevich showed how to use the modern medical equipment available in the medical institution with the greatest efficiency. Expensive consumables required for operations, Badma Bashankaev brought with you. It is not fully used, according to the surgeon, the remaining part is quite enough for several more operations by Kalmyk doctors. By the way, he arrived in Kalmykia together with Kirill Petrov, an expert oncoradiologist, who is well versed in the new generation of medical equipment and knows how to correctly “read” the data of tomographic examinations of patients. Kirill Petrov, as part of his trip to Elista, met with radiologists of the republic and shared his knowledge.

Cooperation Badmy Bashankaeva with the Minister of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan Ruslan Nagaev and leadership of the Republican Hospital has been ongoing since 2014. During this time Badma Bashankaev more than once conducted high-tech operations in Kalmykia, master classes for surgeons as part of the educational seminar "Modern problems and opportunities in coloproctology and urology", invited a world-famous doctor - an oncourologist to Kalmykia Denis Mazurenko, who also performed high-tech operations in Elista, organized the participation of Kalmyk doctors in the online international conference “Best practices in herniology. Version 2.0 - from simple to complex" on the basis of the Faculty of Additional Professional Education of KalmGU. It should be noted that the educational seminar and participation in the international conference were held within the framework of cooperation between KalmSU and the Ministry of Health of the Republic. Today Badma Bashankaev and rector of KalmGU Badma Salaev met with Igor Zotov, Chairman of the Government of Kalmykia. The conversation took place in the Government House of the Republic. After the conversation, the surgeon noted that his trips to Kalmykia in order to provide methodological assistance to doctors and perform operations on cancer patients would become more regular.

The Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation published information on income, property and property obligations of the heads of subordinate institutions, as well as members of their families for the reporting financial year from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2012.

It turned out that the rectors, despite their equal status, earn very different amounts, and everyone has different property: someone has neither housing nor a car, but others own several foreign cars and even an airplane.

According to the results of the past year, the head of the Don State Technical University, Besarion Meskhi, became the richest rector in the Rostov region. He indicated an income of six million 933 thousand, he has an apartment, a plot and a garage. The rector did not get a car. But the wife, whose income is only 42 thousand, has a Mercedes, two apartments, two houses, five plots of land and a garage.

The rector of the Rostov State Economic University (RINH) Adam Albekov also made good money - more than four million rubles. He owns two plots and three apartments, as well as two foreign cars, one of which is stolen. The rector's wife has a plot and an apartment.

The head of the Rostov State Construction University Vladimir Vagin received six million 758 thousand rubles. He has an apartment, a garage and a jeep. The wife also has an apartment and a land plot in shared ownership.

Almost six million rubles were earned by the rector of the South Russian State University (Novocherkassk Polytechnic Institute) Vladimir Perederiy. He has a plot, a house and two apartments in shared and joint ownership. The rector's wife, with an income of 205,405 rubles, has a land plot, a garage and three apartments. She also owns a very expensive car.

He did a good job in the position of acting. Rector of the South Russian State University of Economics and Service Leonid Kaplin. He has two million rubles on his account. The head of the administration of the university owns one apartment.

The head of the Taganrog Chekhov Pedagogical Institute, Irina Golubeva, earned a little compared to others - one million 840 thousand. One apartment belongs to her, the other in shared ownership. Neither Golubeva nor her husband has a car registered.

The least in comparison with the Don rectors were the earnings of the head of the Southern Federal University, Marina Borovskaya. She indicated an income of one million 483 thousand rubles. She owns land, a house and an apartment. There is no personal transport. Borovskoy's husband earned more than his second half by 400 thousand. Houses and apartments are not recorded on him, but he has an excellent foreign car.

The rector of the Volgograd State University, Oleg Inshakov, indicated an income of four million. Almost a million earned wife. The rector has neither land nor a house, he does not even have a car. True, all this is available to his wife: a good foreign car, an apartment, a plot.

The head of the Volgograd Technical University, Ivan Novakov, also turned out to be "horseless". Despite the fact that last year he earned five million, the rector never bought a personal car. He owns an apartment, a garden house and a plot. A wife has a good foreign car, whose income is only 64 thousand rubles. The spouse also has two apartments.

The rector of the Volgograd University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Sergei Kalashnikov, earned a little more than three million, he has his own apartment, an apartment in shared ownership and a garage. According to the mood, the rector has the opportunity to change from one prestigious foreign car to another. The wife also has a plot, an apartment, a summer house and a garage.

Nikolai Sergeev, the head of the Volgograd State Social and Pedagogical University, put almost five million into his piggy bank. He has a plot, an apartment and a cottage.

The leaders of Dagestan universities are also doing well.

The rector of the Dagestan State Technical University, Tagir Ismailov, indicated an income of four million 963 thousand rubles. He owns a land plot, a house, an apartment, a cottage and a garage. The spouse, who did not receive any income during the reporting period, was issued three land plots and three apartments.

The head of the Dagestan State University, Murtazali Rabadanov, earned 3,847,999 rubles, he has a land plot, two apartments, a garage, a foreign car and another apartment in shared ownership. Rabadanov's wife, with an income of 740,254 rubles, owns a good car.

A little more than two million 200 thousand rubles was declared by the head of the Dagestan Pedagogical University Magomed Abdullaev. It has two plots and an apartment. As a means of transportation - a prestigious foreign car. The wife earned a little less than a million, she has her own apartment.

The rector of the Ingush State University Arsamak Martazanov, with an income of two million 745 thousand rubles, owns a land plot and a residential building. His wife declared an income of 546 thousand rubles, an apartment and a foreign car.

The rector of the Karachay-Cherkess State University, Burkhan Tambiev, has an income of just over a million, he owns two land plots, and two apartments are jointly owned. His wife earned 325,179 rubles, she is the owner of a land plot and a residential building. The rector did not get a car.

The most modest income was shown by the head of another university in Karachay-Cherkessia - the North Caucasian Humanitarian and Technological Academy - Ruslan Kochkarov. He earned 589,181 rubles last year. But the rector prefers to travel on a small four-seat Yak-18T aircraft. At the same time, he owns three land plots, a residential building and a summer cottage. Kochkarov's wife, with an income of 300 thousand rubles, owns an apartment.

The rector of the Kalmyk State University Badma Salaev earned one million 798 thousand, he has two apartments and a house.

Three million received the head of the Astrakhan State University Alexander Lunev. His family has two apartments and a foreign car.

Salaev Badma Katinovich

Salaev Badma Katinovich- Rector of the Kalmyk State University.

Biography

Badma was born on March 24, 1966 in the village of Khomutnikovo Iki - Burulsky district of the Republic of Kalmykia.

In 1990 he graduated from the Kalmyk State University with a degree in Zootechnics.

In 2004 he defended his thesis on the topic "Formation of value orientations as a means of overcoming the deviant behavior of adolescents" with the award of the degree of candidate of pedagogical sciences.

He worked as deputy secretary of the Komsomol committee of the University, leading specialist of the press sector of the Secretariat of the Supreme Soviet of the Kalmyk SSR, secretary of the Komsomol committee of the Kalmyk State University.

From 1991 to 1992 he worked as the head of the department for youth affairs of the Elista city executive committee.

In 1992 and until 1993, Badma worked as the head of the youth and sports department, chairman of the youth affairs committee of the Elista city administration.

From 1993 to 1998 he was the chief specialist of the Office of the Representative of the President of the Republic of Kalmykia.

In 1998, he became the head of the department for youth affairs, tourism and sports of the city hall of Elista, where he worked until 1999.

Since 1999, Badma Salaev went to work in the executive authorities of the republic:

• since 1999, she has worked as a chief specialist of the secretariat of the First Deputy Chairman of the Government of the Republic of Kalmykia;
• since March 1999, Salaev became the Deputy Minister of General and Vocational Education of the Republic of Kalmykia;
• from January 2003 to 2007, he was the Minister of Education and Science of the Republic of Kalmykia.

Since January 2011, Badma Salaev has been working as the rector of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "

480 rub. | 150 UAH | $7.5 ", MOUSEOFF, FGCOLOR, "#FFFFCC",BGCOLOR, "#393939");" onMouseOut="return nd();"> Thesis - 480 rubles, shipping 10 minutes 24 hours a day, seven days a week and holidays

Salaev Badma Katinovich. Biological features and technological methods for increasing the productivity of fat-tailed sheep of Kalmykia: dissertation ... Doctor of Biological Sciences: 06.02.10 / Salaev Badma Katinovich; [Place of defense: Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazev”, 2018

Introduction

I Literature review 13

1.1. Status and development prospects of sheep breeding in Russia.13

1.2. Sheep breeding in Kalmykia 22

1.3. Formation of meat productivity of sheep of fat-tailed breeds.26

1.4. Growth of fat-tailed lambs in the early period of postnatal ontogenesis 29

1.5. Optimization of the timing of slaughter of lambs of the meat-fat direction of productivity 34

1.6. Meat quality of fat-tailed lambs 39

1.7. Wool productivity of coarse wool breeds of sheep 40

1.8. The history of the creation of fat-tailed breeds bred in the Republic of Kalmykia 48

1.8.1. Edilbaevskaya breed of sheep 48

1.8.2. Kalmyk fat-tailed breed.54

II. Materials and research methods 63

2.1. Natural, climatic and economic conditions 63

2.2. Material for research 66

2.3. Scheme of experience and research methodology 66

2.4. Methods and techniques of operating experimental animals 70

2.5. Intrauterine growth and development of the fetus 72

2.6. Assessment of zootechnical indicators 72

III. Results of own research 76

3.1. Status and development prospects of sheep breeding in Kalmykia.76

3.2. Digestibility and Nutrient Utilization of Diets by Fat-tailed Pregnant Ewes.84

3.2.1. Feeding pregnant fat-tailed ewes 85

3.2.2. Digestibility of dietary nutrients 87

3.2.3. Nitrogen balance and use 88

3.2.4. Balance and use of minerals.89

3.3. Intrauterine development of lambs of the Kalmyk fat-tailed breed.91

3.3.1. Growth and development of the skeleton.91

3.3.2. Growth and development of the fetal body.93

3.3.3. Development of the internal organs of the fetus.95

3.4. Effect of pregnancy in ewes on the development of the uterus with placenta.98

3.4.1. Dynamics of the mass of the uterus with placenta and the area of ​​the cotyledon apparatus during pregnancy 98

3.4.2. Changes in the chemical composition of the uterus with placenta by periods of pregnancy.100

3.4.3. Blood flow intensity in ewes and its chemical composition during pregnancy 102

3.4.4. Dynamics of changes in the amount and chemical composition of fetal fluids in pregnant ewes.110

3.5. Zootechnical assessment of fat-tailed sheep according to the main economically useful traits 112

3.5.1. Live weight and wool shear 112

3.5.2. Reproductive qualities of queens 115

3.5.3. Preservation, resistance of rams and milk production of queens 117

3.6. Features of the growth and development of fat-tailed sheep.120

3.6.1. Dynamics of live weight of rams 121

3.6.2. Meat productivity of rams of fat-tailed breeds.125

3.6.2.1. Meat productivity and slaughter rates.125

3.6.2.2. Morphological composition of ram carcasses 130

3.6.2.3. Chemical composition and biological value of meat 134

3.6.2.4. Amino acid composition of sheep meat.137

3.6.2.5. Tasting assessment of meat quality 138

3.7. Linear growth and exterior features of fat-tailed sheep 140

3.7.1. Exterior indicators.140

3.8 Biochemical and hematological status of fat-tailed sheep.147

3.9. Wool productivity of fat-tailed sheep.155

3.9.1. Hair cut and color. Pure fiber output.155

3.9.2. Properties of coarse heterogeneous wool of fat-tailed sheep 158

3.9.3. The ratio of the main types of fibers and the morphological composition of wool.163

3.10. Analysis of the gene pool of meat-fat fat-tailed sheep of Kalmykia.166

3.11. Productive and biological features of sheep of the Kalmyk fat-tailed breed of different constitutionally productive types 174

3.11.1. Feeding capacity of young sheep 181

3.11.2. Meat productivity of young animals of different constitutionally productive types.182

3.11.2.1. Chemical composition and protein-quality index of sheep meat 187

3.11.2.2. Yield of cuts and varietal composition of carcasses when cutting mutton of different groups 190

3.11.3. Commodity properties of sheepskin.192

3.12. The use of Kalmyk fat-tailed sheep in industrial crossbreeding 193

3.12.1. Characteristics of the productive and some biological features of the rams and queens used in the experiment 196

3.12.2. Peculiarities of growth and development of lambs of purebred and crossbred offspring 198

3.12.3. Meat productivity of experimental rams.201

3.12.4. Varietal and morphological composition of carcasses 204

3.12.5. Chemical composition and biological value of meat.206

3.12.6. Internal organs and blood.210

3.12.7. Tasting assessment of meat quality 211

3.12.8. Clinical and hematological parameters 214

3.13. Requirements for assessing the breeding and productive qualities of Kalmyk fat-tailed coarse-wooled sheep 216

3.14. Economic efficiency of fat-tailed sheep production..239

Prospects for further development of the topic.259

References 260

Application.294

Introduction to work

1.1. Relevance of the research topic. World development experience
sheep breeding shows that increasing the efficiency and
industry competitiveness is associated with better use
meat productivity of sheep. Specialization of sheep breeding for production
lamb requires the presence of breeds that are distinguished by high meat
productivity and speed. This requirement is fully
fat-tailed breeds of the meat-fat direction of productivity correspond.
Academician M.F. Ivanov expressed his attitude to the fat-tailed sheep
with the following words: “The fat-tailed sheep has no competitors for itself and does not
can be replaced by no other breed."

The breeding of fat-tailed sheep in the Kalmyks is of great economic importance. Management of the ontogenesis of sheep of different breeds is the most important problem of biology and animal husbandry, since their productive qualities depend on the nature of the growth and development of animals.

Scientific development and study of the general patterns of ontogenesis is of great interest and will contribute not only to increasing the production of lamb, but also to improving sheep breeds, including the Kalmyk fat-tailed and local fat-tailed sheep. Potential genetic possibilities, which are not yet well understood, will optimize the timing of slaughter from a nutritional and economic point of view.

A comprehensive study of the biological and productive features of the new Kalmyk fat-tailed breed (Patent for selection achievement No. 6750 dated December 25, 2012) in a comparative aspect with the original local fat-tailed sheep in ontogenesis is relevant and has both scientific and practical significance.

1.2. The degree of development of the research topic. In modern
economic conditions for the development of sheep breeding is one of the promising ways
increasing the production of mutton is the development of coarse-haired
meat-fat sheep breeding, which is confirmed by the works of famous scientists
A.I. Erokhin (2017), D.I. Elpatyevsky (1936), T.S. Kubatbekova (2016, 2017),
A.N. Arilova (2006), S.A. Khatataeva (2015), M.S. Zulaeva (2013),
V.G. Dvalishvili (2016), V.V. Marchenko (2017) and others.

The effectiveness of breeding, breeding and rearing of sheep of the Kalmyk fat-tailed breed in a comparative aspect with animals of the local fat-tailed breed in the current economic and social conditions has not been sufficiently studied, clear recommendations have not been developed to increase the level and competitiveness of products, taking into account the zonal characteristics of the Republic of Kalmykia.

Conservation, reproduction and rational use

existing and newly created gene pool, as well as the development of new elements of production technologies at the present stage of development of sheep breeding with the maximum use of natural pastures are very urgent tasks.

1.3. Purpose and objectives of research. In connection with the above, there was
goal set - scientific and practical substantiation of general patterns
development of lambs of the Kalmyk fat-tailed breed in ontogenesis and development
effective methods for increasing meat productivity in a comparative
aspect of sheep - Kalmyk fat-tailed with local fat-tailed when breeding
in extreme environmental conditions of the Republic of Kalmykia.

For this, the following tasks were successfully solved:

The characteristic of the current state of sheep breeding in the republic is given.
Kalmykia, natural-climatic and pasture-forage conditions of the zone
breeding fat-tailed sheep;

Digestibility and nutrient utilization determined
diets of fat-tailed pregnant ewes;

Studied the intrauterine development of lambs of the Kalmyk fat-tailed breed
(growth and development of the fetal body, skeleton and internal organs of the fetus);

determined the main indicators of the development of the uterus and placenta, depending on the period of pregnancy of ewes;

a comprehensive zootechnical assessment of sheep of the Kalmyk and local fat-tailed breeds was carried out according to the main economically useful traits: live weight and wool shearing, reproduction indicators;

Exterior indicators, live weight, fattening and meat
quality, morphological and chemical composition of fat-tailed sheep carcasses in
dynamics;

An assessment of the wool productivity of sheep is given, taking into account the morphological
composition, physical and mechanical properties of wool;

The biochemical and hematological status of sheep was determined in
depending on the breed, a comparative analysis was carried out
genome of sheep of the studied breeds;

studies were carried out to study the productive and biological characteristics of sheep of different constitutionally productive types of the Kalmyk fat-tailed breed;

the effectiveness of the use of Kalmyk fat-tailed rams on the uterus of the Grozny fine-wool breed was revealed;

The economic efficiency of production in
in kind and monetary terms.

1.4. Scientific novelty of research. The scientific novelty of the work lies in
that the intrauterine development of Kalmyk lambs was studied for the first time

fat-tailed breed and indicators of the development of the uterus and placenta depending on the period of pregnancy of ewes were determined.

New data have been obtained on the main economically useful traits of Kalmyk fat-tailed sheep, as well as on the digestibility and use of nutrients in the diets of pregnant ewes.

For the first time, the biological and productive features of fat-tailed sheep of different breeds in ontogenesis were studied, their zootechnical indicators, slaughter and meat qualities were determined when bred in Kalmykia.

For the first time, a comparative analysis of the genome of sheep of the studied breeds was carried out
by determining the frequency of occurrence of DNA fragments,

flanked by inverted microsatellite repeats.

For the first time, requirements have been developed for the selection of meat-fat Kalmyk fat-tailed sheep with white wool according to the main economically useful traits.

1.5. Theoretical and practical significance of the work lies in
that the data obtained are used in the breeding of fat-tailed sheep for
increasing meat productivity and creating new

highly productive intrabreed types of sheep in the Kalmyk fat-tailed breed, adapted for breeding in the extreme conditions of the Republic of Kalmykia.

Based on the data obtained, a plan for selection and breeding work was developed with a herd of sheep of the Kalmyk fat-tailed breed for the Kirovsky breeding farm and the Kharba breeding farm. Sheep-producers of these farms were awarded a gold medal at the All-Russian Exhibition of Pedigree Sheep (Elista, 2013; 2014; 2015); (Astrakhan, 2017; 2018) and the All-Russian Exhibition (Moscow, "Golden Autumn" - 2013; 2014; 2015).

The increase in the number and widespread use of sheep of a new fat-tailed breed of sheep in the farms of the Republic of Kalmykia contributed to an increase in meat potential and made it possible to increase the share of white wool in the total volume of raw material procurement.

Developed scientifically based technological methods

intensive rearing of young animals contribute to an increase

production of high-quality cheap mutton, increase

efficiency of the industry and more complete use of the productive potential of the new fat-tailed breed of sheep. By applying objective methods of comparative analysis of the initial population of fat-tailed sheep with animals of the Kalmyk fat-tailed breed, taking into account the main biological and productive traits in ontogenesis, the entire production system for breeding sheep of the Kalmyk fat-tailed breed is being developed.

Scientific research was carried out within the framework of thematic research plans

Kalmyk Research Institute of Agriculture "To develop the scientific foundations
increasing the productivity of fat-tailed sheep in Kalmykia” and “Creating
highly productive herds and new types, Kalmyk fat-tailed sheep,
intensification of the technology of fat-tailed sheep breeding”

(State registration number 0106 RK00929).

The results of the research have found practical implementation in two developed recommendations, two monographs, one patent for invention No. 2549957 (dated April 3, 2015) and three Certificates for the database.

The results obtained are used in the educational process in the training of livestock specialists at the Kalmyk State University and the RGAU-MSHA named after K.A. Timiryazev.

1.6. Methodology and research methods. Methodological basis
research were the scientific provisions of domestic and foreign
authors studying the biological and productive characteristics of animals
different breeds, types and lines, both new breeds and breeds with their
improvement. Priority of breeding fat-tailed sheep in farms
Kalmykia allowed to increase the production of lamb and non-uniform white
wool at the lowest cost of labor and funds and, as a result, provided
increasing the profitability of the industry, which is a determining factor in
solving the problem of food and raw material security of the republic.

During the course of the dissertation work,

generally accepted biological, veterinary, zootechnical and

biometric methods of scientific knowledge; analysis, generalization and comparison
obtained experimental data. Research

was carried out using generally accepted research methods (VIZH, 1970; VASKhNIL, 1978; RGAU-MSHA, 2005). Statistical and mathematical methods of analysis were used to process the obtained data.

1.7. Provisions for defense:

The current state of sheep breeding in the Republic of Kalmykia,
zootechnical assessment of Kalmyk fat-tailed and local fat-tailed sheep
breeds according to the main economically useful features;

intrauterine development of lambs, indicators of the development of the uterus and placenta of pregnant ewes of the Kalmyk fat-tailed breed and their use of dietary nutrients;

exterior indicators, live weight, fattening and meat qualities, morphological and chemical composition of fat-tailed sheep carcasses in dynamics;

wool productivity of sheep, taking into account the morphological composition and physical and mechanical properties of wool;

biochemical and hematological status of sheep, comparative analysis of the genome of sheep of the studied breeds;

Productive and biological features of sheep of different
constitutionally productive types of the Kalmyk fat-tailed breed;

the effectiveness of the use of Kalmyk rams in industrial crossing on the queens of the Grozny fine-wool breed;

economic efficiency of production and development of recommendations for assessing the breeding and productive qualities of Kalmyk fat-tailed coarse-wooled sheep.

1.8. The degree of reliability and approbation of the results. The degree of reliability of conclusions, recommendations for production and scientific provisions is determined by the use of a systematic approach and analysis in conducting research, statistical methods for selecting and processing experimental data. Primary research materials obtained in experiments on sheep and in the course of laboratory analyzes were processed by biometric methods with the determination of the criterion for the significance of the difference.

The research results have been tested on:

"Scientific
ensuring the innovative development of sheep and goat breeding in the Russian
Federation”, Stavropol, SNIIZhK, 2012;

International Scientific and Practical Conference

State University, 2012;

International Scientific and Practical Conference "Problems and
prospects for the development of beef cattle breeding, Elista, KalmNIISKh, 2012;

Scientific-practical conference "Social and humanitarian and
natural science research”, Saransk, 2013;

International Scientific and Practical Conference
"Resource-saving environmentally friendly technologies of production and
processing of agricultural products”, Saransk, Mordovskiy
State University, 2013;

International scientific-practical conference: Reports of the TSKhA named after K.A. Timiryazev; Moscow 2013;

International Scientific and Practical Conference "Zootechnical Science: History, Problems, Prospects", Podil State Agrarian and Technical University. Kam'yanets - Podilsky, 2014;

International scientific-practical conference "Actual issues of the development of sheep and goat breeding in modern conditions", RGAU-MSHA named after K.A. Timiryazev, 2014;

International scientific and practical conference "Current state and prospects for the development of the agro-industrial complex of the Siberian

region and adjacent territories”, Kyzyl, Tuva State University, 2014;

International scientific conference "Actual issues of livestock development in modern conditions", Moscow, RGAU-MSHA named after K.A. Timiryazeva, 2015;

International scientific and practical conference dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the birth of V.F. Beauty, Moscow, FGBOU VO MGAMiB-MVA named after K.I. Scriabin, 2017;

International scientific and practical conference dedicated to the 85th anniversary of the founding of VNIIOK, Stavropol, 2017;

International scientific conference RGAU-MSHA named after
K.A. Timiryazev dedicated to the 130th anniversary of N.I. Vavilova, Moscow, 2017;

Interdepartmental meeting of the Faculty of Animal Science and Biology,
Moscow, RGAU-MSHA named after K.A. Timiryazev, 2017.

Publication results research. Based on the materials of the dissertation, 45 works were published, including 12 in publications recommended by the Higher Attestation Commission of the Russian Federation and two abroad, two monographs, one patent No. 2549957 and three State Database Certificates, two recommendations.

The structure and scope of the dissertation. The dissertation work is presented on 302 pages of a computer text, contains an introduction, 3 chapters and 14 subchapters, a conclusion and conclusions, practical recommendations, a list of references from 311 sources and 8 appendices.

This dissertation summarizes the results of research conducted by the author in the period from 2009 to 2017 to develop and study the general patterns of ontogenesis of sheep of the Kalmyk fat-tailed and local fat-tailed breeds when bred in extreme environmental conditions of the Republic of Kalmykia, aimed at increasing the competitiveness of fat-tailed sheep breeding. The dissertation contains references to the use of individual materials obtained by the applicant together with the co-authors of scientific papers.

Basic scientific research, their approbation and implementation of the obtained
results in production were carried out by the author personally with assistance in
different time of employees and specialists of the Kalmyk Scientific and
Research Institute of Agriculture, Kalmyk
State University and the Russian State Agrarian
University - Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazev, OJSC SPK breeding farm
"Kirovskiy", breeding farm "Kharba", educational and experimental farm "Ulan-Tolga" and
mini-farms of KSU, in particular: candidates of agricultural sciences -
B.K. Bolaeva, B.E. Garyaeva, I.V. Tserenova, E.V. Pakhomova. The author expresses to them

Thank you all for your cooperation and help.

Optimization of the timing of slaughter of lambs of the meat-fat direction of productivity

The work aimed at increasing the production of mutton and improving its quality, as well as identifying the potential pedigree capabilities of animals in the formation of meat and lard qualities is of great scientific and practical interest.

To date, numerous materials have been accumulated indicating the effective age of slaughtering lambs for meat after weaning from queens - 4-5 months, after fattening and fattening - 6-10 months.

When weaned from queens (at the age of 4.5 months), the average live weight reaches 40-45 kg for rams of the Hissar breed, 38-42 kg for the Tajik breed, 38-40 kg for the Edilbaev breed, 36-68 kg for the Saryarka breed, and 36-68 kg for the Kazakh fat-tailed sheep. semi-coarse-haired - 35-38 kg, Alai - 34-38 kg, degeres - 34-36 kg jaidar - 32-34 kg, saraja - 30-33 kg, (M.A. Ermekov, A.V. Golodnov, 1976; C I. Farsykhanov, 1981; I. M. Botbaev, 1983; A. G. Plemyannikov, Sh. N. Zarpullaev, 1994; K. Kanapin, K. Zhumadillaev, T. Arystanbekov, 2000).

At this age, in sheep, depending on the specific fat-tailed breed, pre-slaughter live weight and fatness, the slaughter yield is 48-58%, and the ratio of pulp to bones is 2.8-4.3.

In an experiment carried out in the conditions of an experimental farm named after Mynbaev, aimed at establishing the slaughter indicators of young animals of various breeds, it was found that the weight of the carcass with fat tail fat, the slaughter yield and the yield of pulp, excluding fat tail fat, in lambs of meat-fat breeds had equivalent indicators: 21.1-21.4 kg; 55.6-53.1% and 77.3-79.2%, and in meat and meat-wool semi-fine-wool sheep - 20.2-21.6 kg; 43.5-56.8% and 77.5-81.5%, respectively (A.V. Golodnov, 1972).

In valukhs of the Tajik meat-fat-wool breed at the age of 7 months, the carcass weight was 19.8 kg; fat tail fat - 4.3 kg; and the slaughter yield is 58.5% (G.A. Aliyev, 1967). The slaughter of adult edilbaevsky valukhs showed that their pre-slaughter live weight was 83.6 kg; carcass weight - 38.4 kg; fat - 8.55 kg; slaughter weight - 46.9 kg with slaughter yield - 56.1% (M.A. Ermekov et al., 1962). The results of the experiment of K. Kanapin (1991) indicate that as the body weight and fatness increased with age, the carcass yield increased from 45.5 to 58.0%, the specific gravity of the axial part - from 47.8 to 68.6%, and the yield the peripheral part of the carcass decreased from 52.5 to 31.4%. A more rapid increase in the mass of muscle tissue and fat deposits, in comparison with bone tissue, led to an increase in the meat ratio in young fat-tailed breeds from 2.1 to 4.5.

The study of the morphological composition of carcasses, depending on the conditions for the organization of intensive rearing and fattening of young sheep, breed, age and fatness, is of particular interest.

Research R.T. Berg, R.M. Butterfield (1979) revealed that animals kept on a positive energy balance are characterized by a parallel growth of the skeleton and muscles. At the same time, the mass of stored fat is determined by the amount of residual energy after its expenditure on maintaining life, growth of the skeleton and muscles.

The qualitative composition of the carcass depends on its morphological composition, which is represented by muscles, fat, bones and connective tissue. Muscle tissue is of the greatest value, because. the degree of its development determines the level of meat productivity of animals, as well as the nutritional value of meat.

A number of scientists suggest that with intensive rearing and fattening in fat-tailed sheep, muscle tissue is formed mainly during the suckling period and in the first months after weaning (A.G. Plemyannikov, 1978; S.I. Farsykhanov, 1981).

According to the muscle-bone ratio, the marketability of the carcass is judged, which is a quality indicator. This indicator increases with the growth of the body. Its optimal values ​​are formed when the best combination of carcass weight and fatness indicators is achieved. These data serve to identify a biologically and economically justified period for slaughtering animals for meat.

Thus, according to the muscle-bone ratio of the carcass, it is possible to identify an objective criterion for assessing the intensity of growth and precocity of animals.

A lamb carcass is ideal if it contains the maximum amount of meat and the minimum mass of bones and fat (J. Hammond, 1964).

The slaughter of young animals, carried out in the year of birth of the sheep, contributes to a decrease in the slaughter yield in comparison with one and a half year old bollards, which have a lower slaughter weight. Consequently, keeping young animals up to 1.5 years old is not always economically justified (A.G. Plemyannikov, 1978).

In Edilbaevsky rams at 4.0-4.5 months. the value of the slaughter weight is in the range of 17.6-20.5 kg, and in 7.5-8.0 months. - 18.9-23.6 kg, which corresponds to 49.9-55.5% and 47.0-53.4% ​​of pre-slaughter live weight. At the same time, the carcass pulp yield is 73.3-80.3%. The slaughter of adult culled queens of the Edilbaev breed with an average pre-slaughter weight of 68.0 kg indicates that the carcass weight reached 32.7 kg (48.1%), and the mass of internal and tail fat - 4.04-5.9% (V.A. Balmont, A. G. Plemyannikov, 1964; A. V. Golodnov et al., 1966, 1968; T. K. Koptleuov, A. Kusainov, O. Kozhanov, 1973; A. Akhatov, 1983).

V.A. Balmont (1935), in his work carried out on the farms of the Furmanov State Breeding Center of the Ural Region, found that the slaughter of Edilbaev rams at the age of 5.5 months. contributes to the achievement of a carcass weight with a fat tail of 20.2 kg and a yield of 49.56%.

In studies conducted on the territory of the Almaty region on the basis of the Sary-Bulak state farm, it was revealed that the lambs of the Degeres breed at the age of 4.0-4.5 months. slaughter weight was 17.8-19.8 kg, and slaughter yield was 48.8-52.2%.

In 2000, an experiment was carried out in the semi-desert zone of the West Kazakhstan region on 4-month-old lambs of the Edilbaev breed. Their processing showed the possibility of obtaining sufficiently large carcasses with an average weight of 19.5 kg and a yield of 50%. The slaughter of six-month-old rams kept on fattening showed that the carcass yield was characterized by a slight decrease and amounted to 46.3%. At the same time, the slaughter yield reached 48.7%, and the slaughter yield with fat tail - 58.34%. Over the entire period of the experiment, the increase in the coefficient of meat was 0.8 (from 4.4 to 5.2), and the muscle-bone ratio was 0.4 (from 3.0 to 3.4) (S.K. Isembaev, 2001 ).

Muscle-bone ratio increases with age. Thus, in rams of the Kargaly breed, which are on a 45-day intensive rearing, the increase was from 2.9 units (in 4 months) to 3.4 units (in 6.5 months) (K.U. Medeubekov, K. K. Kanapin, 2000).

Slaughter of Hissar rams in a 4-5 month period makes it possible to obtain up to 15.8 kg of muscle tissue with a muscle-bone ratio of 3.2 (S.I. Farsykhanov, 1957, 1981).

Sh.N. Zarpullaev (1990) considers that in fat-tailed sheep the highest limit of muscle-bone ratio is 4:1. Thus, the slaughter of an adult edilbaev ram with a body weight of 107 kg showed that the muscle-bone ratio was 3.7:1. The revealed meat potential of the Edilbaevskaya breed sheep is a guideline in the breeding work of fat-tailed sheep, aimed at increasing their precocity and meatiness.

It is important to note that the ratio of the meaty part of the carcass, i.e. muscle to bone tissue refers to a breed trait and at various stages of development, fluctuations are of an insignificant range. Thus, the data of a number of scientists indicate that in the carcasses of Edilbaev lambs at the age of 4 months. the weight of the pulp ranged from 72 to 74% and was determined by their fatness.

S.I. Farsykhanov (1957), I.N. Chagirov, A.S. Malchenko (1971), consider that for fat-tailed sheep a characteristic feature is the primary development of muscle mass with a high muscle-bone ratio in the early postnatal period. At the same time, in 4-month-old rams of the Edilbaev breed, an increase in live weight and carcass weight for slaughter occurs without an increase in fat mass in the carcass (Sh.N. Zarpullaev, 1990; A.G. Plemyannikov, Sh.N. Zarpullaev, 1994).

Status and development prospects of sheep breeding in Kalmykia

In many countries of the world, sheep breeding occupies a prominent place in the structure of agriculture. Worldwide there is a downward trend in wool production. Since the 90s of the last century, the production of products from chemical fibers has increased 8 times, while natural wool - only 2 times (Yu.A. Kolosov, A.N. Shtrykov, I.V. Zasemchuk, 2014; A V. Kornienko, E. E. Mozhaev, A. E. Mozhaev, 2015).

Historically, the Kalmyk people were engaged in nomadic animal husbandry. Using the nomadic method, the rational exploitation of pastures is observed, which keeps the forage capacity of pastures at an optimal level. Animal husbandry is the main source of prosperity for the Republic of Kalmykia and an industry that forms the basis of its economy.

In the current economic conditions, a promising way to increase the production of mutton is the development of coarse-wool meat-fat sheep breeding, which is confirmed by the works of A.N. Arilova, M.S. Zulaeva, A.I. Erokhin, M.G. Leshchevoi, Yu.A. Yuldashbaeva and others.

In 1913, the population of the Republic of Kalmykia was within 300 thousand people, while on pastures the number of sheep reached 1 million, horses - about 200 thousand, cattle - 300 thousand and camels - 20 thousand. With such a joint and optimal use produces the greatest amount of products per unit of pasture area.

For Kalmykia, sheep breeding is a traditional area of ​​animal husbandry. The number of sheep and goats in all types of farms reaches more than 2.4 million animals (Federal Statistics Service). The development of the industry on the territory of the republic is due to the vast natural fodder lands in the zone of dry steppes and semi-deserts with an area of ​​5.2 million hectares.

At present, the republic is an agrarian-raw material one. In agriculture, animal husbandry dominates, which is a branch of production specialization of the economic complex of the republic.

One of the leading directions in the development of animal husbandry in Kalmykia is sheep breeding. About 10% of the sheep population of Russia is concentrated in the republic. More than 80% of farms of all forms of ownership are engaged in sheep breeding.

Over the past 10 years, the number of livestock has increased by almost 1.5 times and has almost reached its maximum. In 2006, the number of sheep and goats was 1.6 million heads, while in 2015 the total number increased by 0.8 million heads (Fig. 2).

The breeding base in the Russian Federation in the sheep breeding industry in 2014 is represented by 209 breeding organizations (Yearbook on breeding work, 2015). For coarse wool breeds, there are 88 breeding organizations, including 12 breeding plants, 1 center for selection and genetic work, and which contain 462.8 thousand sheep, which is more than 36% of the total number of coarse wool sheep in agricultural organizations.

These figures are by breed: Kalmyk fat-tailed - 5 breeding organizations with a livestock of 26.9 thousand head. or 98.5%, and for the Edilbaevskaya breed - 18 (including 1 selection and genetic center and 1 breeding plant), 67.5 thousand head. or 41.5%. Breeding sheep of fat-tailed breeds in the Republic of Kalmykia is given the most important national economic importance. When keeping and breeding such sheep, it becomes possible for sheep breeding farms in the region to use semi-shrub, shrub and high-stalked plants that are not used or poorly eaten by merinos.

As of January 1, 2015, in all categories of farms in Kalmykia, there were more than 2.4 million heads of sheep and goats, including 950.8 thousand heads in peasant farms and individual entrepreneurs, 959.7 thousand heads in private household plots, and 959.7 thousand heads in agricultural enterprises - 498.4 thousand heads.

The proportion of sheep kept in agricultural enterprises to the total number is 23.7%, the share of peasant farms and individual entrepreneurs is 38%, and households keep 38.3%.

The share of sheep and goats sent for slaughter is up to 50.3 thousand tons in live weight. An annual increase in meat production is observed (V.I. Trukhachev, M.G. Leshcheva, Yu.A. Yuldashbaev, 2012) (Fig. 3).

Almost year-round grazing of sheep ensures the profitability of the industry. For many in the republic, sheep breeding is more profitable than beef cattle breeding, although the technological process for the production of sheep products is more complicated than in cattle breeding.

The breeding base of the industry consists of 25 organizations - 6 breeding plants and 19 breeding reproducers breeding sheep of seven breeds, namely Grozny, Caucasian, Karakul, Edilbaev, Stavropol, Kalmyk fat-tailed and Soviet merino breeds.

The total number of breeding sheep is more than 337 thousand heads, of which 191.6 thousand ewes (Fig. 5).

In 2014, more than 7.8 thousand heads of breeding stock were sold. I must say that this is far from the best indicator. In the best years, breeding sales reached 30 thousand head of young animals. In general, over the past 5 years, sales of pedigree young sheep exceeded 80.0 thousand heads (Fig. 6).

Modern market relations that have developed in Russia as a whole and in particular in the Republic of Kalmykia require a revision of the importance of sheep breeding in the national economy.

When assessing the role and importance of the industry, it is important to take into account that its restoration should be considered as a paramount need for the maximum and rational use of available fodder land for the production of cheap livestock products.

For more than 200 years, Russia has been considered the largest producer and processor of wool. The importance of sheep breeding for our country can hardly be overestimated. A large number of people are employed in the production and processing of sheep products. For a number of regions, this industry is the main, and sometimes the only one for the people living here, ensuring their employment and well-being.

Unfortunately, the real Russia has already lost its raw material security for a strategically important raw material - natural wool and is almost completely dependent on foreign sources of its production. More than a third of the domestic wool market is formed by imports. To meet the country's minimum requirement for wool of all kinds, it will be necessary to spend more than 400 million US dollars annually on imports. Over the past few years, wool exports have averaged 700 tons per year with an average selling price of $ 2 per 1 kg, which means that it is necessary to increase wool production both for domestic needs and for export.

Regardless of the state of affairs in Russia, the Kalmyk Republic has always been and remains the leading sheep-breeding region in Russia. This is due to the historical tradition of the peoples of the republic, the natural climatic conditions of the location, the terrain, and the geographical position. The presence of vast pasture areas creates a natural niche for the exclusive use of sheep. Great importance is attached to professional staff. The key condition for the development of animal husbandry in the country is zoning, the creation of an optimal structure, as well as the revival of traditional types of national animal husbandry.

Exterior indicators

According to the external forms of the physique of animals, their constitution, state of health and productive qualities are judged.

In the process of individual development of an animal, as S.N. Bogolyubsky (1969), A.V. Molchanov et al. (2007), the body undergoes a number of qualitative changes, which largely affects their physique.

The exterior of animals is their appearance and external forms in general. According to the features of the exterior, one can determine the degree of development, health status, productivity, breed characteristics, biological stability and their adaptability to the natural, climatic and forage conditions of individual zones.

A significant contribution to the development of the science of the exterior of farm animals was made by the many-clean works of scientists P.N. Kuleshova (1949), E.F. Liskun (1949), M.I. Pridorogina (1949), N.P. Chirvinsky (1949), E.A. Borisenko (1967) E.A. Bogdanova (1977) and others. They pointed out the need to assess animals according to phenotypic indicators, linking the features of the exterior with productivity.

According to the teachings of E.F. Liskun (1933), the complete denial of the exterior carries a high danger, so its study should be directed towards in-depth studies to link forms and functions.

A.I. testified to the importance of conformation assessment of sheep. Panin (1965). According to the exterior, it is possible to predict the quality and quantity of wool productivity with sufficient accuracy.

M.F. Ivanov (1964) notes that modern zootechnical science does not consider the exterior to be the only and decisive factor in determining the productivity and suitability of an animal. But, at the same time, in combination with a number of other factors, it attaches great importance to it.

I.A. Chizhik (1979) recommends taking into account exterior indicators in a comprehensive assessment of an animal due to the fact that it is a breed trait. It is known that each breed has specific exterior features that were formed under the influence of selection and selection and in certain environmental conditions.

P.N. Kuleshov (1949), M.I. Pridorogin (1949), E.A. Bogdanov (1977), noting the importance of the exterior in assessing the productivity of animals, warn of the dangers of one-sided enthusiasm for it.

According to M.I. Pridorogina (1949) believed that it was impossible to evaluate an animal only by its external appearance, and in order to obtain a reliable idea of ​​its suitability, one should resort to a direct analysis of its productive qualities.

A similar opinion was expressed in his writings by E.F. Liskun (1933). Consequently, the constitution of sheep is inseparable from the growth and development of the organism and is determined by differences in breed characteristics and feeding conditions. The severity of external forms for animals of a particular species and direction of productivity indicates their economic feasibility.

We, along with studies of the growth and development of rams and queens, linearly measured individual parts of the body, allowing us to assess the exterior features of animals (Table 35).

Sheep and uterus of the local fat-tailed breed surpassed their peers of the new breed in height measurements (height at the withers and in the sacrum) by 1.4-1.8 cm and oblique body length - by 2.1-3.2 cm. At the same time, measurements characterizing the compactness of the physique and the severity of meat forms (depth and width of the chest; girth of the chest and metacarpus; width in maklaks) were higher in animals of the Kalmyk fat-tailed breed. Thus, in rams of a new breed, the chest girth was 6 cm higher (5.5%), the chest depth was 0.4 cm higher; width in maklaki - 1.0 cm (4.6%) than that of peers of the local breed.

It is known that the growth of exterior measurements of lambs from birth to weaning them from their mothers is higher than the growth in the period from weaning to 1.5 years and is associated with the breed feature of fat-tailed sheep.

N.P. Chirvinsky (1949) writes that in lambs, by the time of birth, altitude measurements are most developed. This fact can be explained by more intensive growth of the bones of the peripheral skeleton in the embryonic period, as well as by the vigorous growth of the bones of the axial skeleton in the postembryonic period. In early maturing animals, the axial section of the carcass prevails over the peripheral section to a greater extent than in late-ripening ones.

In the new breed of rams, in comparison with the ewes, the measurements were better developed, both at birth and at beating.

The increase in height at the withers, in the period from birth to beating, in rams was 16.1 cm (38.3%), in ewes - 15.7 cm (39.3%); oblique body length - 27.2 cm (81.0%) and 25.6 cm (79.8%), respectively. The data of other measurements of rams and ewes of a new type in the analyzed period of time also tended to increase. A more vigorous growth of the bones of the axial skeleton than that of the peripheral skeleton is observed in the postembryonic period.

According to body measurements, animals can be assessed by size and body type. At the same time, individual measurements in absolute values ​​will not give an idea about the body type of the animal. Therefore, in zootechnical practice, physique indices are used to analyze the exterior profile of animals. They allow you to assess the degree of development of the organism, the proportions and the general constitutional type of the animal.

The calculation of indices requires data only from those measurements, the ratio of which to a greater extent determines the proportionality in the development of the organism and its physique. According to one group of scientists, it is better to use indices obtained during the processing of measurements, with a sharper difference in growth energy between them. According to others, measurements should be taken, the ratio of which changes slightly in the age aspect, and the index for them will remain more constant (E.Ya. Borisenko, 1967).

In our experience, we calculated the indices of rams and ewes of different fat-tailed groups of long-legged, stretched, downtrodden and breast-feeding, since they characterize the type of constitution and the direction of the animal's productivity to a greater extent (Table 39).

Requirements for the assessment of breeding and productive qualities of Kalmyk fat-tailed coarse-wooled sheep

Different natural and climatic conditions and methods for creating new genotypes require a differentiated assessment of economically useful traits, depending on the productive and biological characteristics of the breed and the intrabreed type of the animal.

When breeding fat-tailed sheep, the main task is to increase the production of cheap environmentally friendly lamb, coarse carpet wool and fur coats in the extreme natural and climatic zone of the Republic of Kalmykia with the maximum use of natural pastures that ensure high profitability of the industry.

The solution of the task is facilitated by a correct assessment of the breeding and productive qualities of Kalmyk fat-tailed coarse-wooled sheep of a new type.

For this purpose, we have developed preliminary instructions for the evaluation of Kalmyk fat-tailed sheep with white wool. When developing the instructions, we were guided by the zootechnical requirements for grading sheep of fat-tailed and fat-tailed breeds (2004), and also used the current instructions for grading sheep of the Tuvan short-fat-tailed breed (1993) and fine-fleeced sheep (1985), the standards for assessing the breeding and productive qualities of sheep of the Buryat semi-coarse-wool breed (2009 ).

Bonitation is a comprehensive assessment of animals in terms of constitution, exterior and productivity. The goal is to identify the best animals and cull the worst ones.

The main appraisal, which determines the further use of the animal, is carried out once in its life. Most often, appraisal falls on the age at which the main assessed features are expressed quite fully, and when the main type of productivity can be given a correct expert assessment.

Sheep breed and its structure

A breed is a group of animals of the same species, common origin and productivity, formed under the influence of human creative activity in specific economic, natural and climatic conditions, capable of steadfastly transmitting its traits by inheritance, quantitatively sufficient for long-term breeding "in itself".

The breed has characteristic constitutional and productive properties that distinguish it from other breeds of the same animal species, the level of productivity under appropriate conditions of feeding and keeping, the ability to persistently transfer these properties by inheritance in purebred breeding and crossing.

For the successful improvement of the breed, the continuous improvement of breeding and productive qualities in the breed, separate groups of animals (types, lines) must be created that form its structure. The presence of such groups, differing from each other in some characteristics of productivity, will allow for intrabreed improving mating, instilling valuable qualities inherent in one group in animals of other groups, and obtaining purebred, fairly constant animals with increased viability.

Intrabreed type - a group of animals within the breed, which has features in the direction of productivity, body type and constitution, or other features.

Factory type - a group of highly productive animals created in a breeding farm and its subsidiaries, steadfastly passing on to offspring the valuable qualities inherent in the animals of this breeding farm.

A line is a group of highly productive animals descended from an outstanding ancestor and characterized by qualitative originality and similarity to it, which is supported and developed by purposeful breeding work.

The breeding structure of the breed includes the breeding and utility parts of the breed, which will be represented by breeding and utility animals, respectively.

According to the breed of sheep, they are divided into purebred and crossbred. Pedigree is established by examining animals to determine the severity of the breed type and on the basis of documents of origin (sheep breeding card, ewe breeding card, breeding certificates, certificates, data on entries in the stud book, etc.).

Purebred animals are animals that have characteristic qualities for this breed and in relation to origin, satisfying one of the following requirements:

a) descended from parents of the same breed, the purebred of which is confirmed by documents;

b) recorded in the stud book;

c) blood for one of the parent breeds when crossing two related breeds of the same direction of productivity. Such animals are purebred if they meet the requirements of class 1 of the blood breed they have;

d) the fourth generation, obtained as a result of absorption crossing, meeting the requirements of class 1 for an improving breed.

Crossbreeds include animals obtained as a result of various crosses that do not meet the above requirements.

Basic principles of selection, selection and flock formation

The selection of sheep is an important method of selection and breeding work aimed at improving the pedigree and productive qualities of individual herds and breeds as a whole. The purpose of the selection is:

Selection of the best animals to replenish their herd and breeding sales;

The division of a flock of sheep into classes (groups) for the implementation of the appropriate selection, organization of feeding and maintenance, depending on their breeding value and productivity level.

The selection is carried out on the basis of grading data, an assessment of the productivity of animals according to the main breeding traits, taking into account the origin and quality of the offspring.

Formation of flocks

Flocks of young animals at the age of 3.5-4 months are formed according to sex, development, live weight, exterior features and the nature of the coat.

Formation of flocks of adult sheep and young animals at the age of 1-1.5 years is carried out on the basis of the grading data of animals according to the following scheme: a selection group is formed from among the best elite queens, a selection core is selected from it, then animals of the 1st and 2nd classes in individual flocks. In breeding herds in the selection group, in-depth breeding work is carried out to typify and improve the herd. The selection of queens in the breeding group is carried out from among the elite queens at the age of 2-3 years. Queens must meet the requirements of the desired herd type and exceed the live weight by 10%. In the future, the breeding group is replenished by selecting highly productive ewes from its offspring that meet the established requirements. The best rams obtained from the queens of this group are intended for use in their herd.

According to the main economically useful traits that meet the minimum requirements of class I, the queens are formed into separate flocks, on the part of which the rams are evaluated for the quality of the offspring.

In the commodity herd of the elite and best queens of class I, a selective group is formed, consisting of elite and best queens of class 1, and other flocks are made up of the remaining queens of classes I and II.

Selection, cultivation and testing of sires for the quality of offspring

The most important condition for successful work to improve the herd and increase its productivity is the presence of highly productive sires.

In breeding herds, the acquisition of sires is carried out mainly by raising them in one's own herd.

In commercial herds, the acquisition of a group of sires is carried out only by purchasing them in breeding reproducers.