Nigeria on a map of Africa
(all pictures are clickable)
Geographical position
Nigeria is a state located in the central part of the African continent. It borders Benin, Niger, Chad and Cameroon; has access to the Gulf of Guinea, the length of the coastline is 900 km. Almost all types of relief are represented on the territory of the country: low plateaus predominate in the north, most of the south is occupied by the Primorsky Plain, and the central part lies on a rocky plateau. The area of the state is 924 thousand km².
Most of Nigeria has an equatorial monsoon climate. With the onset of spring, almost the entire country is covered by a strip of rain. In the south, up to 4000 mm of precipitation falls per year, in the central part - from 1000 to 1500 mm, and the least in the northeast - about 500 mm. Average monthly temperatures range from +26 °C in January to +33 °C in July.
Flora and fauna
Once upon a time, a large territory of the state was covered with tropical rainforests, but systematic cutting down and burning of areas for crops has significantly reduced their area. Today, tall, multi-story forests remain mainly along the right bank of the lower reaches of the Niger River and in the Cross River valley. The most valuable species in these forests are considered to be kaya, sapele, iroko, opepe, agba and obeche, which produce high-quality ornamental and construction wood. In the savannas grow baobabs, doum palms, ceibu, and whitish acacias, which serve as food for livestock. Among the herbs, different types of so-called predominate. elephant grass. The coast of Lake Chad is covered with thickets of papyrus and reeds.
The country's fauna is very diverse. In the forests there are many brightly colored parrots, red-headed woodpeckers, and hoopoes. Scoters, pelicans, flamingos, and kingfishers settle along the rivers. African black kites predominate among birds of prey. There are vultures, hawks, secretary birds, and hornbills. In the Nigerian forests and savannas you can still find herds of large mammals: elephants, rhinoceroses, giraffes, as well as dik-dik dwarf antelopes, whose weight is no more than 3 kg. Wild buffalos and scaly anteaters live far from human settlements. Tropical forests are inhabited by monkeys: chimpanzees, gorillas, baboons, monkeys, lemurs.
The rivers and Lake Chad are home to hippos (including the pygmy) and crocodiles. The country is home to the sea cow, which is extinct in other areas of the planet.
State structure
Nigeria map
Currently, a military government is in power, although formally the head of the republic is the president. Nigeria is a member of the British Commonwealth. Administratively, the country is divided into 36 states and the Federal Capital District. The local currency is naira. The capital is the city of Abuja.
Population
In terms of population (181.5 million people), Nigeria ranks first on the African continent. The national composition includes more than 2,000 ethnic groups, each of which retains its own traditions, language and culture. The majority are from the Yoruba, Hausa and Ibu ethnic groups. The official language is English. Among the residents of the state, almost 50% are Muslims, 30% are Christians (including Catholics, Baptists, Evangelists, Adventists, etc.), about 20% adhere to traditional beliefs. At the same time, the popularity of the National Church of Nigeria, which preaches a new religion - Godianism, is growing.
Economy
Nigeria is an agricultural state with a rapidly developing oil industry. About half the population is engaged in farming, using mainly traditional farming methods. The dominant agricultural crops exported are cocoa, oil palm, peanuts, cotton, rubber, sugar cane, and cola. Sorghum, millet, rice, and root crops such as yams, sweet potatoes, cassava, cocoyam, and taro are cultivated. Pasture livestock farming is developed: zebu, kuri, sheep and goats are bred. Among the industrial sectors, the most developed are oil refining, metallurgical, mechanical engineering and chemical.
Folk crafts are common - weaving, weaving baskets and mats from raffia palm fibers, making wooden masks and figurines, and calabashes.
The ancestors of modern Nigerians lived on these lands for many millennia. The first settlements on the territory of the modern country date back to the Middle and Late Paleolithic. Starting from the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e. people in these places knew how to smelt metals, as evidenced by slag, remains of smelting furnaces, clay products, grains of cultivated plants discovered by archaeologists near the settlement of Nok, after which this culture was named.
In the first centuries A.D. e. On the territory of Nigeria there were state formations, the inhabitants of which were engaged in various crafts (weaving, leatherworking, dyeing), agriculture and animal husbandry. The largest states in the south were Oyo, Ife, Benin, in the north - Kanem, Bornu Kano, Katsina and Songhai. By the beginning of the 15th century. Europeans landed on the country's shores and engaged in the slave trade for several centuries. Ivory, palm oil, pepper and locally produced fabrics were exported. At the beginning of the 19th century. On the territory of the modern state, the Sokoto Sultanate was formed, which in 1914 was declared a British colony. The policy of oppression and exploitation of the indigenous population led to the growth of the national movement, the struggle for sovereignty, but independence Nigeria received only in 1960. Since then, the country has experienced several military coups.
Attractions
When entering, you must have a certificate indicating vaccination against yellow fever.
Lagos is one of the largest ports in Africa, where you can buy almost everything, and at a very reasonable price (especially if you know how to bargain).
A unique natural monument in Nigeria is the Joe Plateau. These are remnant rocks rising from the greenery of the jungle with flat tops and almost vertical slopes, eaten away by erosion. Since they consist of gray-colored rocks, the bright contrast with the greenery of the tropical forest that surrounds them is striking.
Nigeria photo
Officially recognized name– Federal Republic of Nigeria.
Location– The state of Nigeria is located in West Africa and is the largest in this region. The western part of the country lies on the border with Benin, the country borders Niger in the north, has land borders with Chad in the northeast, and shares its eastern border with Cameroon. In the south, Nigeria is washed by the warm waters of the Gulf of Guinea.
Territory– 923,768 square kilometers (32nd place in the world).
Population- approximately 152,217,341 people (8th place in the world).
Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and also the most multi-ethnic on the mainland; there are approximately 250 indigenous peoples and tribes. The most widely represented peoples: 21% - Yoruba, 29% - Hausa and Fulani tribes, 18% - Igbo, as well as Ibibio, Tiv, Edo, etc. Many representatives of the Yoruba tribes have characteristic three scars on the cheek, which remain from deep cuts made by him as a child.
Religion– A characteristic feature of Nigeria is the dominance of two religions – Christianity and Islam. Muslims live in the north of the country, but Christians, represented mainly by Catholics and Protestants, are scattered throughout its territory. It is also worth noting the important fact that 13 regions of Nigeria have Sharia law.
Capital- Abuja.
Largest cities– Lagos, Abuja, Port Harcourt, Benin City, Owerri, Warri, Maiduguri.
Official language- English. However, it is worth noting that there is a colossal number of local languages and dialects, the number of which is estimated at 514. Most of the population speaks two or more languages. The most common local languages are used in the media and even taught in schools. Actually, the common languages among the population are: Efik, Hausa, Igba, Yoruba, Edo, Adawama Fulfulde, Idoma, Central Kanuri.
Administrative division- the entire land of Nigeria is divided into 36 states, which are directly divided into 774 local government areas.
Form of government- presidential republic, federation.
The person in charge is the president, elected for a term of 4 years by direct universal secret ballot. The President can also hold office for no more than two consecutive terms.
Nigeria is located in West Africa on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea and covers an area of 923,768 km2, being the 32nd country in the world and the 14th in Africa by territory. The total length of the state border is 4047 km: in the west - with Benin (773 km), in the north - with Niger (1497 km), in the northeast - with Chad (87 km), in the east - with Cameroon (1690 km); The coastline is 853 km.
The highest point in the country, Mount Chappal Vaddi (2419 m), is located in Taraba state near the Nigerian-Cameroon border.
The Niger and Benue rivers divide the country into two parts: the coastal plain is located in the southern part, and low plateaus predominate in the northern part. A large territory of the country is occupied by the Primorsky Plain, formed mainly by river sediments. In the west of the plain along the coast there is a chain of sand spits that connect with each other and the Gulf of Guinea.
North of the Maritime Plain, the country's territory turns into a low plateau - the Yoruba plateau to the west of the Niger River and the Udi plateau to the east. Next is the Northern Plateau, the height of which varies from 400-600 m to more than 1000 m. The highest is the central part of the plateau - the Jos Plateau, the highest point of which is Mount Shere (1735 m). In the northwest, the Northern Plateau passes into the Sokoto Plain, in the northeast into the Borno Plain.
Terrain and water resources
Nigeria is located on a low plateau with an altitude of approx. 600 m above sea level From the south, Nigeria is washed by the Gulf of Guinea, in the northeast it reaches the shores of Lake Chad. The Niger River with its Benue tributary divides the country's territory into two parts: to the south of their valleys, most of the territory is occupied by the Maritime Plain, to the north there are low plateaus. The coastal plain is formed by river sediments and stretches for hundreds of kilometers from west to east. To the north, the terrain gradually rises and turns into stepped plateaus (Yoruba, Udi, Jos, etc.) with heights in the central part up to 2042 m (Vogel Peak on the Shebshi Plateau) and numerous outlier rocks. In the northwest, the plateau passes into the Sokoto Plain (the basin of the river of the same name), and in the northeast into the Bornu Plain.
In the west of the plain along the coast there is a chain of sand spits that connect with each other and the Gulf of Guinea. North of the Maritime Plain, the country's territory turns into a low plateau - the Yoruba plateau to the west of the Niger River and the Udi plateau to the east. Next is the Northern Plateau, the height of which varies from 400-600 m to more than 1000 m. The highest is the central part of the plateau - the Jos Plateau, the highest point of which is Mount Shere (1735 m). In the northwest, the Northern Plateau passes into the Sokoto Plain, in the northeast into the Borno Plain.
Nigeria Statistics
(as of 2012)
The country's territory is divided into large blocks by the valleys of the Niger and Benue rivers and is separated from the ocean by a narrow belt of coastal swamps. The width of this belt usually does not exceed 16 km, with the exception of the Niger Delta, where it reaches 97 km. A complex network of lagoons and channels located behind a barrier of sandy beaches forms a system of protected shallow waterways through which small vessels can pass from the Benin border in the west to the Cameroon border in the east without entering the ocean. Further inland, the Nsukka-Okigwi escarpment rising above the Cross River valley, the Jos and Biu plateaus, and the Adamawa Mountains are clearly visible. The generally flat surface of the plateau, composed of crystalline rocks in the north and west of the country and sandstones in the east, is in many places dotted with island mountains (inselbergs), i.e. rocky outlier hills with steep slopes. In the northeast, the surface gradually decreases towards Lake Chad, the level of which is 245 m above sea level.
The main rivers of Nigeria are the Niger, from which the country takes its name, and its largest tributary, the Benue. The main tributaries of the Niger and Benue - Sokoto, Kaduna and Gongola, as well as rivers flowing into Lake Chad, begin on the Jos Plateau, which is the hydrographic center of Nigeria. Navigation on these and other rivers, such as the Imo and Cross, is limited due to rapids and waterfalls, as well as sharp seasonal fluctuations in water levels. In Niger, ship traffic is maintained all year round to the city of Onitsha (where a bridge was built across the river), and from June to March - to Lokoja. During the wet season, boats operate as far as Jebba. Along the Benue, steamships go as far as Yola, but navigation is carried out only for four months - from July to October.
Soils and minerals
Almost all soils in Nigeria are acidic. In a number of areas in the east of the country, intensive leaching of soils formed on sandstones led to the formation of the so-called. “acid sands”, which are easy to process but quickly deplete. The soils of the far north were formed from desert sands and are easily destroyed. They differ sharply from the fertile soils that formed on the heavy loams of many river floodplains, in the cocoa belt and in the Niger Delta. In some densely populated areas, intensive farming and overgrazing have caused soil erosion.
Vast areas of Nigeria are composed of sedimentary rocks enriched in iron. There are many iron ore deposits, but they are not being developed. The largest deposits are located in Mount Patti near Lokoja and in Sokoto. In the 1980s and 1990s, the country produced oil and natural gas in the Niger Delta and offshore, tin and columbite (niobium ore) on the Jos Plateau near Enugu, and limestone (for cement production) in Nkalagu, Abeokuta, Sokoto, Ukpilla and Calabar .
Climate of Nigeria
Nigeria's climate is equatorial monsoon and subequatorial, with high humidity. There are two distinct climatic zones in Nigeria. Along the coast the climate is hot and very humid throughout the year. In the north of the country, the temperature varies significantly depending on the time of year, and the humidity becomes less. Average annual temperatures exceed + 25 °C.
In the north, the hottest months are March–June, in the south – April, when temperatures reach +30–32 C. The rainiest and “coolest” month is August. The greatest amount of precipitation falls in the Niger Delta (up to 4000 mm per year), in the central part of the country - 1000–1400 mm, and in the extreme northeast - only 500 mm.
The driest period is winter, when the harmattan wind blows from the northeast, bringing daytime heat and sharp daily temperature changes from the desert areas of the mainland (during the day the air warms up to +40 C or more, and at night the temperature drops to +10 C).
In Nigeria, the climate varies greatly depending on the region. The most pleasant season is the dry season (November to March), and especially November and December. At this time, it is still very hot on the coast (Lagos, Calabar), even at night. But the humidity is less compared to the rest of the year. The sky in the morning is often covered with a haze of fog. As you move north, the climate becomes drier and healthier: in the center of the country the days are sunny and the nights are cool (Jos), and in the north there is practically no rain, and the day is hot, while the nights are even cold (Kano, Maiduguri) . In the north, from December to March, the harmattan wind blows, causing sandstorms, which sometimes impairs visibility.
On the coast, the rainy season lasts seven months (from late March to late October). The rains are very intense in Lagos, where the atmosphere is extremely stuffy and hot, and the rainiest place in the country is Calabar, where it rains until December. In the east of the country, Yoruba country experiences a slight “dry break” in August. Heavy rains also occur in the center of the country, but in the north their season is limited to four months (from June to September). The sea off the coast of Nigeria is warm all year round, but swimming can be dangerous due to strong tides.
Flora and fauna of Nigeria
Mangrove and freshwater swamp forests dominate the coastline, but then give way to a belt of dense tropical forest, in which the main tree species are kaya (mahogany), Chlorophora high and Triplochitone durum. The oil palm grows wild in tropical rainforests; in densely populated areas, shrubby thickets of this palm have replaced the forest. In more northern areas, the forest thins out and is replaced by tall grass. This is the Guinean savannah, in which trees such as baobab, false locust and tamarind grow. More open savannas occur north of the line marking the northern limit of root crop production, while desert landscapes predominate in the far northeast. Acacia (a source of gum arabic) and mimosa are common there.
Nigeria is characterized by both savannas and tropical forests. Tropical rainforests once occupied most of its territory, but now they are distributed only on the Maritime Plain and in river valleys. In the north of the forest zone, deciduous dry tropical forests are common. Almost half of the country's territory is occupied by tall grass (wet Guinean) savanna, alternating with areas of park savannas (with sparse trees - kaya, isoberlinia, mitragyna). To the north of the high-grass savannah zone lies the dry Sudanese savannah with characteristic umbrella acacias, baobabs and thorny bushes. In the extreme northeast of the country lies the so-called Sahel savannah with sparse vegetation. And only on the shores of Lake Chad is there an abundance of lush greenery, thickets of reeds and papyrus.
The fauna of Nigeria is equally diverse, preserved in national parks and reserves (in particular, in the Yankari Nature Reserve, on the Bauchi Plateau). The placement of animals depends on the vegetation. The southern swamps and forests are home to crocodiles, monkeys and snakes, while the north contains antelope (several species), camels, hyenas, and the occasional giraffe and lion. Other animals native to tropical forests and wet savannas are elephants, gazelles, gorillas and leopards. The rivers are home to numerous species of fish, crocodiles and hippos. The variety of birds is amazing, especially along the edges of the forests. African bustards, vultures, kites, hawks, snipes, quails, pigeons, ostriches and parakeets live here.
Population of Nigeria
Nigeria's population is 152.2 million (estimated as of July 2010, 8th place in the world). Annual growth - 2%. Fertility - 4.8 births per woman. Infant mortality - 93 per 1000 (11th highest in the world). Average life expectancy is 46 years for men, 48 years for women (220th place in the world). Infection with the immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is 3.1% (2007 estimate, 2.6 million people - 3rd place in the world). Ethnic composition: more than 250 aboriginal peoples and tribes. The largest nationalities are: Yoruba - 21%, Hausa and Fulani - 29%, Igbo - 18%. Religions: about 40% of the population are Muslims (Hausa and part of the Yoruba), about 40% are Christians (Igbo and most of the Yoruba), the rest adhere to traditional beliefs. Literacy of the population over 15 years of age is 68% (2003 estimate).
The official language of Nigeria is English; Edo, Efik, Adawama Fulfulde, Hausa, Idoma, Igba, Central Kanuri, and Yoruba are also widely spoken among the population. There are a total of 421 languages in Nigeria, of which 410 are living, 2 are second without native speakers, 9 are dead. Nigerian dead languages include Ayawa, Basa Gumna, Holma, Auyokawa, Gamo Ningi, Kpati, Mawa, Kubi and Teshenawa.
Local languages are used mainly for communication and in the media, and some languages are also taught in schools. The majority of the country's population speaks two or more languages.
For various Nigerian languages in the 1980s. A pan-Nigerian alphabet based on the Latin was developed. All Nigerians are quite religious, Muslims make up up to 40% of the population, Christians - 40%, the rest are adherents of local beliefs.
Source - http://ru.wikipedia.org/
http://www.meteostar.ru/
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Geographical location and nature
A state in the western part of the African continent. In the east it borders with Cameroon (border length 1,690 km) and Chad (7 km), in the north with Niger (1,497 km), in the west with Benin (3 km). In the south, Nigeria is washed by the waters of the Gulf of Guinea. The total length of the border is 4,047 km, the length of the coastline is 33 km. The total area of the country is 923,768 km 2 (land area - 10,770 km). In the south stretches a narrow coastal plain, reaching a width of 100 km in the Niger Delta. Towards the center of the country, the surface gradually rises and passes into the Joye Plateau with an altitude of up to 1,735 m. To the north of the plateau, the terrain decreases again: in the northwest is the Sokoto Plain, in the northeast is the Bornu Plain. To the east lie the spurs of the Adamawa Mountains, where Nigeria's highest point, Vogel Peak (2,042 m), is located. Lake Chad is partially located in Nigeria. The main river of the country is the Niger. The country's subsoil is rich in such minerals as oil, natural gas, iron ore, coal, tin, lead, and zinc. Arable lands occupy 31% of the territory, meadows and pastures - 23%
Population
The population is 101,232,251 people (1995), the average population density is about 110 people per km 2. Among the approximately 250 ethnic groups, the largest are the Hausa, Ibo (Igbo), Yoruba, Fulbe, Ibibio, Angas, Ijaw, Tiv, Nupe. The official language is English; the most common local languages are Hausa, Ibo (Igbo), and Yoruba. Almost half of the population professes Islam, about 25% are Christians, and the rest adhere to traditional pagan beliefs. Birth rate - 43.26 newborns per 1,000 people (1995). Mortality - 12.01 deaths per 1,000 people (infant mortality rate - 72.6 deaths per 1,000 births). Average life expectancy: men - 54 years, women - 57 years (1995).
Most of the territory has an equatorial monsoon climate. The greatest amount of precipitation (up to 3,000 mm per year) is in the southeast of the country, and in the extreme northeast it is only 500 mm. Average annual temperatures everywhere exceed 25°C. In the north, the hottest months are March-June, in the south - February-April with an average temperature of 30-32°C; During the rainy season the temperature drops slightly. Daily temperature fluctuations are significantly greater than annual and monthly ones. In the north of the country, during the harmattan period, there is unbearable heat during the day (more than 40°C), and at night it becomes cold (less than 10°C).
Vegetable world
In the south of the country, in the tropical forests along the Niger River, giant kayas (up to 30-35 m tall), many sa-pele, iroko, raffia palms, and candelabra-shaped pandanus have been preserved. Almost half of Nigeria's territory is occupied by tall grass savannah, covered with elephant grass and groups of trees: drought-resistant kaya, isoberline. To the north there are many acacias with an umbrella-shaped crown, baobabs, doum palm, and ceiba. Along the shores of Lake Chad there are thickets of papyrus and reeds.
Animal world
Few large mammals remain in the Nigerian forests: elephants, giraffes, rhinoceroses. More common are leopard, jackals, hyenas, antelopes (about 30 species), and buffalos; Scaly anteater is found. Many different species of baboons, monkeys, and also lemurs. In the rivers and Lake Chad there are hippopotamuses (in the Niger River - the pygmy hippopotamus), crocodiles, and in the coastal waters of the Gulf of Guinea there is an almost extinct mammal - the sea cow. A lot of birds - bright parrots, red-headed woodpeckers, hoopoes, scoters, pelicans. Birds of prey include the African black kite, hawk, vulture, secretary bird, and hornbill. There are thousands of different species of insects in Nigeria.
Government structure, political parties
Full name - Federal Republic of Nigeria. The government system is a military regime. The country consists of 30 states and the Federal Capital Territory of Abuja. The capital is Abuja. Nigeria achieved independence on October 1, 1960 (formerly a British protectorate) - a national holiday (Independence Day). All power belongs to the President, who heads the Ruling Council. Political parties: Social Democratic Party (SDP), National Republican Convention (NRK).
Economics, transport communications
Due to political instability, the country's economic development continues to be delayed. GNP in 1994 $122.6 billion (GNP per capita - $1,250). Among the most developed industries are: oil refining (oil is one of the most important export goods), metallurgical, chemical, food. In addition to oil, cocoa beans, palm kernels, and rubber are exported. Other crops: peanuts, cotton, sugar cane. The currency is the naira (1 naira (N) is equal to 100 kobo). Main trading partners: EU countries, USA, Japan.
The total length of railways is 3,567 km, roads - 107,990 km (30,019 km of asphalt roads), inland waterways - 8,575 km. The main ports of the country: Lagos, Port Harcourt.
Before its appearance in the 17th century. On the territory of modern Nigeria, the first Europeans in the country existed two civilizations - the Muslim states of Hausa, Bornu, Sokoto in the north and the southern kingdoms of Yoruba and Benin. Began at the end of the 18th century. colonization of the country by the British led to the formation of two British protectorates on the country's territory - Southern and Northern Nigeria, which were united in 1914. In 1954, the protectorate was transformed into a federation of four states, and in 1960 Nigeria became an independent republic. In 1967, the independent Republic of Biafra was proclaimed in the eastern part of the country, but in 1970 the separatists were defeated by government forces. The military regime established in the country in 1966 was replaced by a civilian government in 1979, but in 1983 another military coup took place in the country.
Which means “flowing water” in Tuareg.
Capital of Nigeria. Abuja.
Area of Nigeria. 923768 km2.
Population of Nigeria. 110532 thousand people
Location of Nigeria. Nigeria is a state in Western Europe, bordered on the north by Niger, on the east by Chad and on the west by Benin. In the south it is washed by the Gulf of Guinea.
Administrative divisions of Nigeria. Nigeria is a federation of 30 states and the capital city of Abuja.
Nigeria form of government. Republic.
Head of State of Nigeria. President, elected for a term of 5 years.
Supreme legislature of Nigeria. Bicameral Parliament (House of Representatives and Senate).
Supreme Executive Body of Nigeria. Government.
Major cities in Nigeria. Lagos, Ibadan.
National language of Nigeria. English.
Religion of Nigeria. 50% are Muslims, 40% are Christians, 10% are pagans.
Ethnic composition of Nigeria. 21% are Hausa, 20% are Yoruba, 17% are Ibo, 9% are Fulani. In addition, about 250 other ethnic groups live in Nigeria.
Currency of Nigeria. Naira = 100 kobo.
Sights of Nigeria. In Lagos there is the National Museum of Nigeria, where there is a rich collection of art objects from almost all periods of the country's development; museums in City, Ibadan, Ilorin, Jos and Kaduna are also interesting.
Useful information for tourists
The ocean beaches located on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea are magnificent, but very dirty and practically unequipped. There are, one might say, no seaside resorts, although beaches of sand of different shades stretch for many hundreds of kilometers. A unique natural monument of Nigeria is the Jos plateau, which is a remnant of rocks rising from the greenery with flat tops and almost vertical slopes, eroded.
It is prohibited to export weapons, drugs, food in large quantities, exotic plants, animals and birds. Objects of antiquity and art, products made of gold and precious metals are subject to mandatory customs control. An appropriate permit is required for the export of animal skins, ivory and crocodile skin products. When importing pets, you must have a veterinary certificate with a stamp on vaccination against rabies and permission from the country's veterinary service.