Who among you did not read books about pirates as a child and dreamed of finding hidden treasures? In search of untold wealth, we poked around in the yard sandbox and sincerely rejoiced at every nonsense we found.

Most have long abandoned children's pastimes, but they carried the craving for the unknown through the years - archaeologists celebrate their professional holiday on August 15! It was they who made unique discoveries that allowed us to take a fresh look at the history of Tatarstan.

The Bolgar Cathedral Mosque was built back in the 13th century.

Gold and silver of the Volga Bulgarians

Perhaps the most famous archaeological complex of the republic is Bulgar. It attracts the attention of tourists, interesting historical holidays and events are regularly held here, and the first president of Tatarstan, Mintimer Shaimiev, is overseeing the restoration!

Today Bulgar is a real tourist Mecca of the region. You can get here either by bus or along the Volga, which means that the emotions of a pleasant journey will be added to the impressions of a direct acquaintance with the ancient settlement.

The city was founded by the Volga Bulgarians back in the 10th century, but in the 14th and 15th centuries it was twice subjected to serious destruction and was never restored. Life has begun to flourish here again only in our days.

The Bulgarian settlement is surrounded on three sides by an earthen rampart up to 5 meters high and a two-meter ditch. The only surviving building of the early Golden Horde period, the Cathedral Mosque was the main temple of the Bulgarian ulus of the Golden Horde. It was built back in the 60s of the 13th century, and about half a century later two mausoleums appeared in the neighborhood - Northern and Eastern. The Black and White Chambers, the Khan’s tomb are also located here, and behind the main rampart there is another small “town”.

The complex is complemented by the Orthodox Church of the Assumption from the 18th century, and in total about 100 architectural structures have been identified on the territory of the Bolgar settlement!

Excavations are carried out on the territory of the ancient settlement every day! – says Andrei Faskhutdinov, deputy director of the museum-reserve for science. – This year’s finds have not yet been handed over to us, but last season there were a lot of interesting things. At the site of the city market, a treasure was found - 6 kilograms of silver bars, and gold Arabic coins were found in the mausoleum. The finds date back to the dawn of Bolgar - the mid-14th century.

Now the archaeological season is nearing its end, which means we should expect news about new interesting finds!

Stone temple and huts on chicken legs

The island town of Sviyazhsk is a unique object of archaeological heritage. The development of the territory began several hundred years BC, and in 1551 the construction of a Russian fortress began here.

The history of the city is truly amazing. Returning after the unsuccessful siege of Kazan, Tsar Ivan the Terrible stopped on the steep bank of the Sviyaga and decided to build a town here. But they began to build a wooden structure not here, but in the Uglich forests - a thousand kilometers up the river!

In the spring of 1551, a fortress was built there, after which the structure was dismantled and floated on ships to the mouth of Sviyaga. In a short time, a new city arose on the steep bank, which became a springboard for a further attack on the Kazan Khanate.

Today, many ancient buildings have been preserved in Sviyazhsk, and the island itself has noticeably changed. Convenient access roads, clean cozy streets, and a whole complex of impressive Orthodox monasteries make the town an excellent place for a holiday. Moreover, you can get here both by car and by river transport.

Archaeological excavations are in full swing here! As Artem Silkin, director of the Sviyazhsk Island Museum, said, research continues at three sites, and more than 100 archaeologists are involved in the work. We can already talk about unique finds.

During the excavations, a large number of coins, jewelry, and leather goods were found, says Silkin. – We even found a small stone toy or a model of a temple! Also excavated were oak stumps, cut down in the year the fortress was founded - in 1551: they became the foundation for new buildings. As they say, it was on them that “huts on chicken legs” stood.

The foundations of many buildings from the 16th to 18th centuries have also been identified here. This will allow you to recreate the former appearance of the monasteries, and therefore learn even better about the history of your native land. Moreover, next year the construction of the Museum of Archeology, unique for Russia, will begin in Sviyazhsk.

Here you will be able to see with your own eyes everything found – in the form in which it was many centuries ago. There are no residential buildings from the 16th-17th centuries left in the country, so we will have a unique opportunity to imagine what they looked like at that time,” explained Artem Nikolaevich.

Where did the golden gate go?

Another famous architectural monument of Tatarstan is the Bilyar settlement - the archaeological remains of the capital of Volga Bulgaria. Its size amazes not only guests and tourists, but even seasoned archaeologists!

Bilyar is a huge complex of monuments on the southeastern outskirts of the village of Bilyarsk. Fortifications, suburbs, necropolises, country estates, public baths... and all on an area of ​​800 hectares.

Apparently, the city was built in the 10th century. In Russian historical chronicles it has been mentioned since 1164 under the name Great City, and in the 12th century it became the capital of Volga Bulgaria. In 1236, during the Mongol invasion, the city was completely plundered and burned - even a huge wooden wall up to 10 meters thick could not save it. According to legend, it was then that the city lost its famous gates made of pure gold...

The dominant position is occupied by the remains of the Cathedral Mosque, which consists of two parts - wooden and white stone with a large, free-standing minaret. In the white stone part there are remains of 24 columns in 6 rows. In the first half of the 10th century, a necropolis arose near the mosque, and the so-called “feudal lord’s house” was located here.

Outside the inner city, near the eastern gate, there are the ruins of a "Caravanserai" with 13 large and small rooms. The walls of the main rooms were plastered and even painted with plant patterns in brownish-red paint.

From Kazan you can come to Bilyarsk by bus, the distance is about 150 kilometers. But since 2008, excavations have not been carried out in the ancient settlement...

We are waiting for new sensations

On the territory of Tatarstan there are many other places hiding treasures and waiting in the wings. Near Yelabuga this is the famous Devil's settlement, at the mouth of the Kazanka River - the last capital of the Kazan Khanate of Iske-Kazan, in other regions of the republic - the settlements of Dzhuketau, Kasha, Oshel and many many others. And who knows how new research will affect our lives? After all, one fateful excavation has already given Kazan a thousand years of age, and since then a completely different life has begun in the city...

The treasure “worth 15 million” turned out to be a fake.

The official examination of the Ministry of Culture of Tatarstan made its decision - none of the coins found in the boarding school are genuine. The portal sntat.ru talked with the antique dealer who carried out the examination.

The story of the treasure found in the Laishevsky district has taken a new turn. It all started in early June, when one of the workers helping the charity organization “Joy of Childhood” discovered a chest with coins and jewelry during the construction of a greenhouse for a local boarding school. A total of 25 currency units and 5 jewelry items.

For a long time, the leaders of the foundation and the boarding school could not figure out what to do with the unusual and possibly expensive find. We turned to the journalists of the sntat.ru portal. After our material, law enforcement agencies found out about the treasure and even threatened to charge school director Tatyana Kombarova for not reporting the find to the proper authorities. But in the end they pitied the woman.

True, they took the treasure and began to decide what to do with its fate. During this time, the Laishevsky find attracted the attention of amateur antique dealers. One of them, during a non-detailed examination, even suggested the value of the treasures - some coins, in his opinion, could well cost about $12 thousand dollars, and the entire treasure itself - about 15 million, but already in rubles. But these assessments had nothing to do with the official conclusions.

Next, an examination awaits him,” Farida Murtazina, director of the Laishevo Museum of Local Lore, told a sntat.ru correspondent at the time. - There are only two numismatists in Tatarstan who are able to do this. Then the treasure will be sent to Nizhny Novgorod, because we are part of the Volga Federal District, a conclusion will be made there, it will be handed over to the Tatarstan Ministry of Culture, which will issue an order on where the exhibits will be stored.

The results of the examination are disappointing - all the exhibits turned out to be fakes. The supposed “treasures” were assessed by Sergei Kuznetsov, one of two certified numismatics experts of the Russian Ministry of Culture, who lives and works in Tatarstan. At the age of six, he became interested in accumulating coins, and now he has an antique store in the center of Kazan and his own course at Kazan University.

All coins that are imported and exported go through customs; in principle, everything is sent to me,” says the numismatist.

A few days ago, Sergei Kuznetsov was asked to go to Laishevo and conduct an examination of the treasure.

25 coins plus 5 decorations. Everything was in a box. By the way, there was an inscription “Kuznetsov” on the box, probably hinting at a not very famous Kazan tea industrialist from the 19th century. - The box is really old.

The antiquarian admits that he was not interested in the treasure before the request of the Ministry of Culture of Tatarstan. However, then I saw material about the Laishev discovery. The numismatist immediately had questions about the two coins. When the expert arrived at the scene, the questions disappeared.

Firstly, the set of coins itself confused me. Various periodicals, denomination. Secondly, such jewelry is not placed with such a treasure,” Sergei Kuznetsov recalls his first impressions, then takes out from the safe several simple coins from 1917 and an expensive antique manisto. - Well, is that how they combine treasures?

By the way, the decorations in the chest, on the contrary, were very simple. But the coins are perhaps the rarest. In any case, whoever put them in the chest wanted to make just such an impression.

One “six-ruble” Three twelve-ruble coins. And these are generally the rarest coins. No more than 200 of them were produced in total. This is the 20-30s of the 19th century. Or rather, even the end of the 20s,” says Kuznetsov.

The twelve-ruble coin is made of platinum. At that time, people had not yet understood the technology of making objects, especially small ones like coins, from this alloy. For the first time, the processing method was invented in Russia. So we decided to experiment.

If such a coin comes up at auction, it is a worldwide sensation in the world of antiques. It’s difficult to estimate the price, but in any case - for millions of rubles,” says the expert.

Moreover, one of the twelve-ruble coins that were in the chest was, according to official data, minted in one copy.

The composite material from which modern counterfeits are made is similar to real silver, but there is no way to depict platinum from it. The rest of the coins, by the way, also turned out to be fake. Moreover, modern.

Of course, I carried out all the necessary procedures, but it was immediately clear that it was a fake. All of them are of modern coinage. About 3-4 years ago, somewhere, I don’t know where, a large batch of counterfeit coins was made,” says the antiquarian. - And they sold them cheap - for 150-200 rubles. In fact, only for numismatists. For example, I showed these to students. So that they have an idea of ​​the level of counterfeiting.

Thinking about how a 21st century counterfeit could end up in Laishevo, the antiquarian builds an entertaining theory.

The question is that this was started quite recently. To make it clearer - within weeks, two or three, a month. Well, definitely after winter. They did this specifically to find it,” says the expert.

Who needed to cause such a commotion with a treasure in a boarding school will have to be found out in the near future. The sntat.ru portal will monitor developments around the “precious” story.

One of them - the Khan's treasures - has been resting at the bottom of Lake Kaban for several centuries, the other - the gold reserves of Russia, lost during the Civil War - is buried somewhere near Kazan.

Treasure seekers sincerely believe that sooner or later the caches will be found. And they don’t lose hope while looking for them.

Owner of a valuable bucket

Vitaly Serebryakov does not advertise his activities, so he agreed to meet with us on the condition that we change his name. Our hero took up treasure hunting at a fairly mature age. As a boy he was little interested in this topic.

“I won’t hide that my goal is to find treasures,” says Serebryakov. - However, so far those people who are not looking for anything are lucky.

In search of treasures, he traveled to many regions of the republic. Vitaly calls himself a treasure hunter-theorist. He knows hundreds of stories about buried treasures, but he has never found anything himself:

Every city or village has its own legends. So, in Arsk, where catacombs have been preserved in the center of the city, they say Emelyan Pugachev kept his treasures. There is a legend about the Makaryevsky Monastery near Kazan that church reserves were buried here. And they say different things about the Sviyazhsky Monastery. Allegedly, in 1914, the rector withdrew one million one hundred thousand rubles in gold from a bank account, and only God knows where he hid the money. True, local residents are sure that the gold was buried in the cemetery, which went under water during the construction of the reservoir. And most often it happens like this. In one village they showed me a house where a judge lived before the revolution; he was a very rich man. When troubled times began, residents saw his daughter go towards the apiary with a jug in her hands. The girl constantly looked around. There was clearly no milk in the jug. Or another case. I was once offered to buy an old house. His owner assured that the former tenant hid a bucket of gold somewhere in the walls during the dispossession of kulaks. I walked around the hut and did not find any hiding places. It turned out that the rich old man returned ten years after his escape, supposedly to look at his home. But he came for a reason, apparently, he took away some gold.

It is only in “Treasure Island” that everything is extremely clear: “Silver ingots are in the northern pit. You will find it on the slope of the eastern hill, ten fathoms south of the black rock, if you face it.” In reality, everything is different... Even a detailed map will not help you find treasures in real life.

If you work hard in the archives and collect as many documents as possible, sketching out a map will not be difficult,” says the treasure hunter. “However, over many years, the area has changed beyond recognition: where there was a field, a forest has grown, in the place of the thicket there has long been arable land, the ravine is overgrown, the lake is drained. And the only possibility remains is that the treasure lies underfoot, but its time has not come yet.

Treasure in the center of Kazan

The most famous treasure found in Tatarstan is Karatunsky. It was found during road construction work near the Karatun station in the Apastovsky district of the republic twenty years ago. When archaeologists got down to business, they were given about 35 thousand silver dirhams. It was a treasure of Golden Horde silver coins, the largest known to science.

But another treasure, Florensky’s, was valued at a much smaller amount, but it was this treasure that alarmed Kazan in 1938. He was found in the basement of an old house on Gruzinskaya Street, now Karl Marx Street. The National Museum of Tatarstan tells how one day the commandant decided to go up to the attic and quite by accident came across the plan of the house. Here he noticed a certain discrepancy: according to the map, there was another room in the basement, but no one knew anything about it. The commandant immediately went downstairs and carefully examined the room. In the place where there was a door according to the plan, the entrance was blocked by a closet. The old man was unable to move it away. The map suggested that from the street it was possible to look into the basement through a window. But it also turned out to be walled up. Without thinking twice, he took a shovel and dug up the window. The gaze fell on some objects. The commandant called a policeman, and together they tried to move the cabinet.

I had to fiddle around for a long time: the cabinet was tightly nailed to the floor. When he finally gave in, a mysterious door opened before the curious. The room was completely filled with antique furniture, clothes, and books. Later, employees of the local history museum found among them unique collections of icons, Chinese porcelain, silver and archaeological finds. All these things belonged to the physician, teacher of the Kazan Imperial University Vasily Florensky.

His widow hid all these treasures in the basement. After the death of her husband in 1915, she hastily left Kazan and was unable to return here because of the 1917 revolution. Only the maid knew about the hiding place. She waited for many years for the Florenskys to return for their things, and died without revealing to anyone the secret of the basement room.

Later, when the find went to the state, all the things were dispersed to different places. Clothes were second-hand, books were donated to the Lobachevsky library, icons were given to the Museum of Fine Arts. The National Museum of the Republic of Tatarstan received a collection of porcelain, as well as letters, photographs and archaeological finds. They are now kept in the museum's collections, where they are still being studied. And all the silver objects simply disappeared.

In the footsteps of the white and red

Ravil Ibragimov has been searching for Russian gold reserves that disappeared in Kazan for a quarter of a century. And the search for him began... overseas. One day he met a family who had moved from Russia to America during the Civil War. The emigrants kept old newspapers, where the events taking place in their historical homeland at the beginning of the last century were very actively discussed. I couldn't think of a more valuable source of information as a starting point.

In his search, Ibragimov reached the archive, which is still classified as “Secret”. And that didn't stop him.

“I know that right up to the 1917 revolution, more than nine thousand boxes of gold, worth a total of one and a half billion gold currency rubles, migrated to Kazan,” says the researcher. - This accounted for more than half of all the cash of the tsarist government. The October Revolution turned the gold reserves of the State Bank into the property of the proletariat. It was unsafe to store gold in turbulent times in Moscow and St. Petersburg. Then the Council of People's Commissars decided to concentrate all the gold and foreign exchange reserves of the state in Kazan. By order of the Soviets, valuables began to be brought here from all over the country. In August 1918, the Bolshevik plans were destroyed by the leaders of the white movement, who took Kazan. The Reds fled, leaving not only the city to the mercy of fate, but also the gold reserves stored in it.

According to Ibragimov, during the capture of Kazan by the Whites, gold worth 1 billion 100 million rubles was taken out of the city. The whereabouts of this money are unknown today.

Posted Tue, 23/12/2014 - 08:16 by Cap

The recent change in the legislation of the Russian Federation on tightening responsibility for black things has not discouraged us from searching for treasures in the Tatar land! On the contrary, interest in this matter is even increasing, because it is known that the forbidden fruit is sweet! Moreover, while traveling around the republic, we constantly come across pits and pits left by lovers of antiquities and secret treasures.
We have already talked a lot about the treasures in Mari El, but we still couldn’t make a selection for Tatarstan. And so, on the occasion when I myself spoke with a treasure hunter I knew, I decided to write a review article on this topic!

Historically, the land of Tatarstan is very fertile in various treasures, for there was such a huge movement of peoples, cultures and eras, starting from the Finno-Ugrians, the ancient Bulgars, and to the most famous among the people, the robber atamans - Pugachev and Razin, as well as the local atamans who traded on trade routes, in the vastness of the Volga and Kama!

Some of these legends and traditions are already in the “Tatarstan” section, or these stories can be found on the website
But, as a rule, the reader is too lazy to look for these Tags and links, too lazy to click on them, and this article contains a very brief overview of articles about treasures of Tatarstan!

Let us immediately note that the sensational film in Kazan “Treasures of Lake Kaban” is, of course, cool, funny and cute, but it has nothing to do with it! For in Khan’s times there was neither a theater on Kaban, nor a Syuyumbike tower, and there was no Kremlin, but there were definitely treasures! This, of course, is a special conversation!
It’s another matter - if they made a film based on fresh tracks - about the missing royal gold - it would be very interesting, because by the standards of time this is literally an incident the day before yesterday! And there are so many mysteries that it reads like a real detective story!
But first things first! Treasures of Tatarstan and Kazan

The most famous treasures of Tatarstan need to be looked for not only in the ground, but also under water. Boar and - legends about these treasures have been passed on from mouth to mouth for many years and even centuries - and still excite the minds of historians and treasure hunters.
Ancient treasures are often found in Tatarstan. Most of these treasures, historians say, were hidden in turbulent times, before the advance of enemies, and date back either to the 13th century, when Ancient Bulgaria was destroyed, or to the 16th century, when the troops of Ivan the Terrible captured Kazan, or to the beginning of the 20th century, when, during the revolutions and power changed during the wars.
One of the latest discovered in Tatarstan is a treasure trove of silver items from the first half of the 13th century in Bolgars. It became one of the largest treasures in history
studying the ancient Bulgarian settlement.

More than 100 archaeological treasures dating back to the Middle Ages have been found on the territory of Tatarstan. More than 100 thousand coins are registered.
The largest treasure was found in 1986 in Karatun, in the Apastovsky district: during the construction of a road, when they lifted the earth with a bucket, more than 30 thousand coins were found there - this treasure is the largest not only in the Volga region, but also one of the most unique in Russia .

By the way, there is also several evidence that residents buried their valuables during hard times. In the summer of 1854, a treasure trove of Russian silver money was found not far from Kazan. The treasure was very significant and contained coins of Grand Duke Vasily Vasilyevich the Dark and contemporary Russian princes. It also contained Novgorod and Pskov coins, as well as money from Ivan III, during whose time the treasure was buried. In the summer of 1861, in the fortress itself, during the construction of the Kazan Cathedral, a treasure of silver kopecks from the time of Ivan III was found. On February 24, they dug up a treasure trove of silver dirhams of Khan Tokhtamysh, which were stored in a bronze cauldron near the village of Koratun. It is clear that when the city was threatened, wealthy citizens buried their valuables and took them out if the trouble subsided.

Very wealthy citizens did the same when faced with a threat from Ivan the Terrible. But at their disposal was not a pot, but a huge pile of all sorts of goodness. We can even once again estimate the total mass of what was to be hidden. Previously, we tried to determine the mass of treasures in the bins of the royal palace in one way, now we will try to do it a little differently. So, we have six people from Chapkun Otuchev’s retinue who can carry 300 kg of cargo at once (the notorious 6 barrels). So they came to the basements of the palace. While we received the cargo, while we pulled it out, while we dragged it to the Crimean Gate. Then you need to drag it all to the entrance to the secret passage, place it in the vault, go back up, rest and move back again to the palace. I believe that one transport cycle took them two hours, no less. During a working day they could easily complete five such cycles. Total, one and a half tons per day. They dragged for about 25 days. We multiply and get a result that is in perfect agreement with our rougher estimates - 37.5 tons. In short, before the fall of the city, they were quite able to hide about forty tons of all sorts of goods, no less. Dig a separate ditch for so many evacuated valuables? No, it’s unlikely - there was no suitable place. And there were a lot of people milling around, not much digging.

Undoubtedly, Otuchev already had a very capacious cache that was well known to him, into which much larger volumes could fit. He probably hid all his property there! He was a tight-fisted man, thrifty. If he were lucky, he could easily later pull out the little gold and secretly escape with it to the Crimea or some other place dear to his heart. There would be no one to stop him. But it didn’t work out... What conclusions can be drawn after such a detailed and reasoned historical investigation? I will give them in the form of short questions and equally short answers, for greater clarity.

1. Could treasures of significant mass and value be buried in ancient Kazan? - Yes, they could!

2. Could they have been flooded in Lake Kaban even before the approach of the troops of Ivan IV? - No, under no circumstances!

3. Where exactly were the treasures hidden? “They were lowered into a natural, carefully camouflaged cache located near the Crimean Gate, on the estate of Chapkun Otuchev.

4. What is the mass and approximate value of the treasures hidden 450 years ago? — I estimate the total mass to be no less than forty tons. Their cost is quite difficult to calculate, but it is clear that it cannot be less than $500,000,000.

5. Is it possible to find hidden treasures nowadays? - Yes, it’s possible. There is everything necessary for this (speaking theoretically).

In conclusion of my story, I would like to immediately warn amateur treasure hunters against rash search actions in a modern city. The question is not as simple and clear as you might think after reading this article. Yes, we know where exactly they were, but it will be possible to take any action to find them only after very expensive preliminary work has been carried out. And of course, with the broadest assistance and material assistance from the city authorities of Kazan.

IN CONFIRMATION OF THE VERSION OF HIDDEN TREASURES, TWO SHORT ARTICLES:

Treasure in the Kazan Kremlin

As Channel One reports, a water supply was laid at the foot of the Kul Sharif mosque under construction in the Kazan Kremlin, and archaeologists worked here before the builders. They discovered a treasure from the times of the Khan’s Kazan at a meter depth. The leather bag contained chalcedony beads, two Orthodox crosses and 66 silver coins from Moscow, Novgorod and Tver mintage.

Archaeologists date the treasure to the beginning of the 16th century, before the capture of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible. It was during this period that trade relations actively developed, and Russian coins were in use here. A merchant or a wealthy artisan - this is how archaeologists defined the former owner of the valuables.

Now in Kazan every builder is preoccupied with the past. Any pit or trench is primarily an archaeological site. The city administration prohibits any construction until the site is examined by archaeologists. In recent years alone, as many treasures have been discovered in the Kazan Kremlin as were found in the entire previous history.

Archaeologists also studied the former Khan's courtyard, on the site of which today is the residence of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan. They found a number of administrative buildings, residential buildings and outbuildings underneath it. The buildings were located along a tree-paved street. In one of the houses that burned down during the capture of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible, historians found 270 silver coins of the first half of the 16th century, Russian minted.

These are not the only coins that researchers have found. Near the Annunciation Cathedral they unearthed two treasures: the Small Treasure contained 556, and the Large Treasure 1,449 silver “scale” coins. 90% of the coins of the Big Treasure date back to the reign of Ivan III (1462-1505).

COINS OF VOLGA BULGARIA

Ancient coins, which we sometimes find during excavations in the most unexpected places, are of great interest. They can tell a person involved in archeology even more than any other thick book: it is no coincidence that one of the compelling arguments in favor of the 1000th anniversary of Kazan was the Czech coin...
There is no need to talk about developed commodity-money relations in our area before the middle of the first millennium AD, although Roman and Eastern coins are found in excavations. At the end of the 7th - mid-8th centuries, eastern silver in the form of dishes and coins arrived in the area of ​​​​the confluence of the Volga and Kama, as well as in the Urals from the south. This may be due to the adoption of Islam by the Khagan of Khazaria in 737. The Khazars were the first in the Volga region to mint their own coins, mostly imitations of Umayyad dirhams. On the other hand, the local Imenkovo ​​tribes, who were on the verge of forming statehood, began to use primitive forms of money for trade - pieces of metal of a certain shape and weight.

Abu Daudids
Al-Muqtafi billah
Ismail bin Ahmed
Ahmed bin Muhammad bin Ahmed
Anderaba 295 gh.
Money circulation in the Middle Volga region received further development in the middle of the 9th century, when the direction of trade routes changed. Bolgar becomes a link between East and West. This is evidenced by numerous treasures discovered on its territory and surrounding area. In them, among the coins of the Samanid dynasty, coins of the Bulgarian emirs are often found. Today, 59 treasures with coins of Bolgar and Suvar are known, found, including in the territory of Rus', the Baltic states and Western Europe. By the way, 16 similar treasures were discovered on the island of Gotland (Sweden).
The first Bolgar coins were attributed to Almush Khan, who began the unification of all Bulgar tribes, converted to Islam at the state level and went down in history as the creator of the first state in the Middle Volga. Almush Khan minted his coins under the Muslim name Jafar bin Abdullah. Many numismatists believe that Almush’s father, Shilki (Muslim name Abdallah bin Tekin), minted his coins in Bolgar back in 902. Historians are confused only by the fact that at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries the city of Bolgar as such did not yet exist. There was no state, but the sovereign was already issuing coins with his name? But if you look at the historical situation of this period, much becomes clear and quite logical. The Bulgar and other Turkic tribes that arrived in the Middle Volga region after the collapse of Kubrat Khan's "Great Bulgaria" were scattered and dependent on the Khazar Kaganate - even at the beginning of the 10th century, the son of the Emir Bolgar was held hostage in the court of the Khazar Kagan. To unite all the Bulgar tribes and strengthen his power, the emir made a fundamental and promising choice - he received the patronage of the Baghdad Caliph, the ruler of all Muslims. The coin of the Emir of Bolgar received a traditional Muslim design with the name of the Caliph in the first place. Next came the names of the Samanid ruler and emir of Volga Bulgaria. Such coins were issued in two capital cities of Volga Bulgaria - Bolgar and Suvar in 902-998.

An-Nasir li-din Allah.
Bolgar coinage. 1240s.
Minting in Bolgar resumed after the so-called coinless period of the 11th-12th centuries. Coins appeared with the name of the Baghdad Caliph An-Nasir-li-din Allah (1180-1225). Due to the fact that the year of issue is not indicated on them, some scholars attribute them to the period of the reign of the caliph, while others - to the Jochid coinage. It is important for us to have a design-sign on the upper part of the obverse side of the coin. In it we find a combination of a schematic image of a lion - the heraldic symbol of Volga Bulgaria and a zilant - Kazan. The symbol of the Khan's family later became the main design element of Jochid coins. For example, with the tamga of the Batu house in Bolgar, hundreds of different types of coins with images of birds and animals were minted. The signs of the sun, moon and zodiac images of Leo, Scorpio, Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn and others are not uncommon. Some coins have inscriptions with wishes for prosperity and happiness.
The design of Bulgarian coins changed radically under Mengu-Timur (1270-1287). With him, for the first time, the name of the ruler of the Golden Horde was put on coins. The first coins of Sarai, the capital of the newly formed state, appear. Although the Bulgarians became part of the Golden Horde, they maintained a separate commodity-money economy. This is evidenced by the fact that more than 90 percent of the 13th century coins discovered in Bolgar are coins of their own mintage. The monetary reform of 1310 unified the state's financial system. With the release of coins in large numbers at Saray al-Jadid, there was no longer any need to do this locally. Bolgar coins from the times of Uzbek and Janibek are few in number.

An interesting phenomenon in the Bolgar coinage was observed in the 60s of the 14th century. After the death of Khan Birdibek, the Golden Horde actually broke up into separate regions. The territory of the former Volga Bulgaria found itself in the power of Bulat-Timur. In Bolgar, they began mass minting of copper money with an increased nominal value. Silver coins of previous issues were cut to a certain weight and with the countermark “adel” (legal) they again came into circulation.

Among the copper of this period, coins with the legend “Isan coinage” attract attention. Isan (Asan) is the first ruler of Kazan recorded in written sources. Perhaps further study of these coins, found in small quantities in Bolshie Atryas and Bolgar, will lead to interesting discoveries in the princely period of the history of our capital.

In 1380, Tokhtamysh Khan brought together all the uluses of the Golden Horde. The monetary reform he carried out restored the financial system for a short time. Copper and silver coins of Tokhtamysh are often found in the Bolgar cultural layer. However, frequent wars forced the population to give up their savings to the land. The treasures of that period are especially large - several thousand coins each. All this indicates the extinction of internal monetary circulation and the concentration of capital in the hands of transit merchants. The Karatun treasure, as it seems to us, is the treasury of Tokhtamysh himself.

After the fall of Tokhtamysh, Shadibek tried to save the collapsing empire, whose coins were minted in the vast territory from northern Iran to Bolgar. Later, in Bolgar, copper coins without indicating the year and place of issue were minted by his son Ali. Another issue associated with Bolgar dates back to the beginning of the 20s of the 15th century. This is a marking in the form of a bow and arrow.
Coins of Giyas et-din and subsequent khans are practically not found at our site. They were already minted in the new Bolgar - Kazan. Archaeologists discovered them during excavations of the Kazan Kremlin, Iske Kazan, and are often found in treasures. For example, in the Rybnoslobodsky hoard of 2002, out of 6,000 coins, more than half are from the Bulgarian (Kazan) Mint.

The question of whether the Kazan khans minted their own coins remains open. Some historians consider the so-called "Mordovkas" - low-grade silver imitations of Russian coins - to be a product of the Kazan Mint. From this point of view, the treasure of silver-plated copper blanks from the Kazan Kremlin excavations is interesting. The layer in which they were found is dated by archaeologists to the first half of the 16th century. This means that the possibility of having its own mint in Kazan, which carried out one-time orders, cannot be ruled out. Let's hope that archaeologists will someday be able to read this page of the "biography" of the capital of the republic.

At the entrance to the Arsky district, all guests are greeted by the temple of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God. It was built in the nineteenth century and turned into warehouses in the twentieth. Agricultural equipment was stored here for more than 60 years. The hope of parishioners for the revival of the church appeared in the 90s with the arrival of the rector. But he had just begun renovations, and a few years ago he disappeared, as unexpectedly as he appeared.
Local residents are at a loss. In general, there are many legends surrounding this temple. One of them is about a treasure. The villagers are sure that it is buried in the basement. Workers visited there when reconstruction began. But they found not gold and diamonds, but the remains of 78 people. Treasures of Tatarstan and Kazan

The villagers are now afraid to go down to the basement. They believe that there is no point in disturbing the burial. Nina Malysheva is a true keeper of the church. She was once the director of a local school. After retirement, she devotes all her free time to the temple.

TREASURES OF TATARSTAN AND SURROUNDING AREAS

New treasure of late Horde coins from Iski-Kazan
In 2002, in the Iski-Kazan region (Kamaevskoye-1 settlement), a large treasure (about a thousand copies) of silver coins (among which there were a few copper bullets and small silver items) was found. A very small part of this treasure became available to me for study when, in September 2002, I was passing through Kazan, heading to Bulgar for a scientific conference. Here I publish that part of the coins that I was able to study personally. The coins are arranged in chronological order. Where the condition of the coin does not allow it to be accurately identified, it is built into a chronological scale by weight. The designs of the coins correspond to their numbers.

Description

Group A. Before Ulu-Muhammad

1. Sultan... / Urdu coinage [year] xx5? Weight=0.91 g.

Judging by the heavy weight, the coin dates back to an early period. Most of all, the weight of the coin falls under the time of Jalal ad-Din, Chokre, Dervish. The reverse stamp of the coin is very similar to the recently published [Klokov, Lebedev..., 24,25] coin of Jalal ad-Din minted by Ordu. This khan ruled for only a year, in 815=1411/12. Our coin can presumably be dated to this time.

2. Sultan (Jalal) ad din? / Bulgar. Weight=0.57 g.

HP the bit was very carelessly, probably with a stamp, or there was some kind of defect in the minting process. The name of the ruler is read uncertainly, but we see no other way to read it. “Bulgar” on o.s. it is written with an error (the first “b” is separated from the “l”), but I am not inclined to interpret this place as the name “Kadir Birdi”, as some colleagues suggested to me. The coins of Jelal ad Din from the Bulgar mint are known [Mukhamadiev..., table].

3. Kadir Birdi? / Bulgar? (8)22=1419/20. It was countermarked, but the countermark was applied at the very edge, so that it remained only in the form of a smoothed semicircular area on the hp. Weight=0.45 g.

The attribution of this coin poses certain difficulties. First the image on the OS. we interpreted it as the word “Sultan”, originally written. However, since we did not find analogies, we assumed that the word “Bulgar” is written this way, which we are also not yet sure of. Inscription on hp. quite correctly read as “Kadir Birdi”, which also coincides with the date, however, fragmentarily preserved [N. Scheldi..., 465]. This is the only coin that retains the date.

Group B. Time of Ulu-Muhammad, 1st reign.

4. Sultan Muhammad... / Minting Hadji-Tarkhan. Weight=0.69 g.

The coin that caused me the most confusion due to the strange spelling of the word on the hp. I had an assumption that this was the epithet “alism”, however, such a reading did not satisfy me. As a result, after considering the hp. under a microscope, it was revealed that the word “Muhammad” was minted in this way, but with a clogged stamp. The name of the mint is read very clearly. The coin is heavy, high-quality, and in texture is very different from the products of the same khan minted by Bulgar.

5. Sultan alyazm Muhammad Khan / Mint Bulgar al Jadid, 2 copies of one stamp. Weight=0.52 and 0.33 g.

On the first copy, the name of the khan is not readable. On the second one it is clearly visible, but the writing of the word “Muhammad” is somewhat strange. However, we see no other way to read this inscription. The epithet “al Jedid” in the name of the mint is written elegantly, but unusual for those accustomed to seeing it in a 14th century style. Two coins, clearly stamped at the same time, since the stamps are o.s. coincide, but nevertheless have very different weights. This shows that weight as a dating feature cannot be taken too seriously.

6. Muhammad... / Bulgar coinage. Weight=0.45 g.

7. Aljazm Muhammad... / Bulgar coinage. Weight=0.47 g.

8. Sultan Muhammad... / Bulgar coinage. Weight=0.48 g.

9. Sultan... / Muazzam Bulgar. Weight=0.42 g.

Bulgar coins with such an epithet have not yet been encountered. Despite the fact that the name of the khan was not preserved on the coin, based on its texture and weight we place it in the same group as the previous ones.

10. Sultan alyazm... / Bulgar coinage. Weight=0.35 g.

Also refers to the coinage of Muhammad conditionally in texture.

When could these coins strike? The chronology of Ulu-Muhammad's coinage has not been studied, since there are practically no dates on the coins. Upon examination, two large groups of coins of Ulu-Muhammad stand out: with and without tamga. Of the coins with tamga, in turn, one can distinguish coins with a Lower Volga two-legged tamga, and with a three-legged tamga, probably Bulgar.

According to the latest research [A. Gaev.., p. 36], Ulu-Muhammad began to rule in 822=1419/20; in 824=1421/22 he, attacked by rivals, loses part of his power, most likely in the southern territories, but ultimately in Bulgar. In 828=1424/25, defeated by Borak, he hides in Lithuania. In 831=1427/28 he regains power, and beats the coin in both Khadzhi-Tarkhan and Bulgar. But in 840-841=1436-1438 he begins to experience problems again. Some historians believe that he was completely deposed, however, the fact that in 849=1445/46 he captured Basil of Moscow and imposed a huge tribute on him suggests that during these years Ulu-Muhammad was sitting in Bulgar. He is killed in 849=1445-1446.

How can this data be superimposed on the chronology of coinage? We believe that from 822 to 828 he beats a coin without a tamga. From 828 to 831 coins were issued in Bulgar by Giyas ad Din. Further, from 831 to 840, Ulu-Muhammad issued a coin with a two-legged tamga, emphasizing his power over the Great Horde, and in 840-849 - coins with the inscription “Muhammad” and with a three-legged Bulgarian tamga without a place of issue. This chronology may be subject to criticism, however, for now it seems to us more or less correct.

So, we consider the coins of our treasure to have been issued in 822-828 = 1419-1425, with heavier coins issued before 824 = 1421/22, lighter ones - after the loss of the southern territories. Next come the coins of Giyas ad Din, broken after the exile of Ulu-Muhammad to Lithuania.

Group C. Coins of Giyas ad Din.

11. Giyas... / (Jadid?) Bulgar. Weight=0.62 g.

The inscriptions on the coin are made extremely carelessly, the metal is poor. Our reading, of course, is conjectural, since it is not based on comparison with analogies, which are few and unknown to us.

12. (Giyas) ad Din / Bulgar. Weight=0.45 g.

Reading the inscriptions does not cause much difficulty.

As mentioned above, we believe that the coins of Ghiyas ad Din were broken in 828-831 = 1424-1428. These are, therefore, the latest of the coins in our hoard.

Group D. Copper pool.

13. HP A casual grid with dots or stars in the fields. / O.S. A very difficult to read inscription - “Coined Bulgar al-Jedid”? Weight=0.70 g.

I often came across a similar lattice on unreleased coins from Azak and Crimea of ​​a late appearance, probably from the 15th century. This grid is placed there on both sides, so nothing definite can be said about the dating and place of production of such coins. Recently, a coin with such a lattice on hp. was published [Klokov, Lebedev.., 139] and attributed to the coinage of Khorezm; however, the coin seems to have been preserved so poorly that this may not be true. I was already desperate to read the inscription on the OS, but then I noticed that the reverse of the pool is somewhat reminiscent of the reverse of coins 5 from our treasure - the mint of Bulgar al-Jedid from the time of Ulu-Muhammad. If so, then the release of the pool can be attributed to this time. The production of copper at a later time in Bulgar is known. These are, first of all, copper coins of Dervish [Sheldi..., 464], and a coin with a complex pattern from the time of Ulu-Muhammad [Sheldi..., 471]. Although the latter attribution seems controversial, copper minting clearly took place in this region at this time. Our pool can be dated to a relatively early period based on its heavy weight. I think it is adjacent to the early part of the treasure, which we dated to approximately 815=1411/12.

Group E. Item part of the treasure.

14. Silver rivet. Weight=0.93 g.

A round silver plate with a hole in the center into which a pin extending vertically to the plane of the plate is soldered, which was later probably chopped off and slightly bent. Most likely, the item served as a decoration on a belt, so that the pin entered the leather of the belt, was attached there, and a round plaque remained on the surface. No exact analogues to the product have been found. The metal is good, much better than the metal of all the coins in the treasure.

Group F. Russian coins.

15. In addition to the Horde coins, the treasure also contained three Russian coins; I did not see them, but I was able to obtain the most accurate information about them. This:

A. Principality of Galicia. Yuri (1389-1434). Published: Oreshnikov, 710. Weight=0.61 g.

b. Principality of Nizhny Novgorod. Daniel (c. 1400 - c. 1425). Published: Oreshnikov, 891, 2 copies, Weight = 0.51 and 0.53 g.

As specialists in Russian specific numismatics pointed out to me, these types of coins date back to 1425-1430 = 829-833. As we see, this dating does not go beyond the limits established by us for other coins, and is adjacent to the later layer of the treasure.

The place of Iski-Kazan in the history of the Horde

The archaeological complex of Iski-Kazan (Old Kazan, 40 km from present-day Kazan) is still not properly included in the periodization of late Horde antiquities. Thus, the name itself, which is traditional and common among local residents, seems to suggest that Kazan was located here before it was moved to its current location. The complex consists of two main monuments - the Kamaevsky settlement and the Urmatsky village.

During many years of excavations, it was established that the Urmat settlement was founded by pre-Turkic tribes, probably Finno-Ugrians (the so-called Kamaevskoe-2), and was actively developed in the 12th century by the Bulgars during their northern expansion. A slab with the date 1281/82 was found, as well as coins from the 1280s (obviously anonymous Bulgarian coinage from the early Horde period). Coin finds of 14 V are inexpressive. Only Zamyatni coins from the 1460s of the Gulistan mint are known. Finds younger than the end of the 14th century are unknown.

The Kamaevskoe-1 settlement arose later than the Urmat settlement, probably in the 14th century, towards the end, and it was rather a fortress or castle that took the “posad” under protection. Coin finds from the Kamaevsky-1 settlement fit into a narrow interval - from approximately 1400 to 1425. Our treasure also falls into this period.

There is a lot of speculation surrounding these facts. The root is in the most traditional name “Iski-Kazan”, Old Kazan. Until the 1990s, researchers tried to prove that in the 14th-15th centuries this settlement was actually the capital of the Ulus. With the growth of the population, the place became inconvenient, and the capital was transferred to present-day Kazan, but Iski-Kazan first withered away, and died in 1552. Recently, there has been a desire to see Kazan as a significant point throughout its history, and already from the 14th century as the capital of the Ulus. In Kazan they are looking for and seem to have found layers from the Bulgarian era, they even found a 12th century wall and coins from the 10th century.

Meanwhile, the place of minting of coins of this region is always designated as “Bulgar”; later Bulgar al-Jedid, that is, New, appears. There is no reason to look for any other Bulgar other than the one that is still known by this name - the Bulgar settlement, founded in pre-Mongol times, and which became the capital in the Mongol period, after the destruction of Bilyar, or the Great City. It is also difficult to see any other settlement in Bulgar al-Jedid other than Kamaevskoe-1, or Iski-Kazan. At the same time, from the moment of the formation of the Kazan Khanate, Kazan turned out to be its capital. However, the Khanate did not mint coins, and therefore we will not find the word “Kazan” on the coins. It has been established that the Kamaevskoye settlement was lost as a result of a military incident. Usually the destruction is associated with Russian aggression in 1552. However, if this is so, why are there no coins at Kamaevsky later than the 1430s? Coins of this time are generally known. Now coins have been discovered up to Khan Akhmat, up to the 1480s. The absence of coins shows that the settlement did not exist as an urban settlement after the 1430s.

When was it destroyed? A very revealing treasure published by us will help answer this question. As we showed above, its accumulation began around 815, and was interrupted when Ulu-Muhammad returned to the throne for the second time. It can be assumed that some military event at the time of the return of Ulu-Muhammad made it necessary to hide the treasure.

Such an event could have been the actual speech of Ulu-Muhammad for the return of the throne, which was accompanied by military actions. In a letter to Murad II of Azak in 831, Ulu Muhammad writes that he forced Borak to “retire” [Gaev..., p. 37]. In the sources [Gaev.., p. 38] it is reported that Ulu-Muhammad killed Giyas ad Din upon returning to the throne. The author of the above publication believes that we are talking about Giyas ad Din ben Tash Timur, who is not identical to Giyas ad Din ben Shadibek, in whose name the coins presented in our treasure were minted in Bulgar. However, if this is not the case, which I suspect, then we can believe that, during the capture of Bulgar al-Jedid, or Iski Kazan, Ulu-Muhammad killed Giyas ad Din, destroyed Bulgar al-Jedid, and so much so that the settlement was no longer restored. Since already on August 9, 1429 (832), Vytautas reported in one of his letters that Ulu-Muhammad “ruled the entire kingdom and the Horde,” this event can be attributed to the beginning of the same 1429.

After the military action, the damage suffered by Kamaevsky turned out to be so significant that it was no longer restored. Kazan became the capital of the ulus. This could happen gradually. We know that after the destruction of cities, they do not die instantly, but they maintain a rusticated life for some time. Findings of objects after 1429 at Kamaevsky are traces of such survival. It is striking that the clothing material from late Iski-Kazan is extremely poor. There are only iron tools. We also do not have coins of Bulgar al-Jedid after 1429. There are coins of Ulu-Muhammad, which were minted in the Horde, Khalji-Tarkhan, Bulgar and without a mint. The first corresponds to nomadic reality, the second - to political reality, since Ulu-Muhammad actually owned Hadji-Tarkhan for some time during his second reign, the third - to tradition, the fourth - speaks of the general destruction of life in the Ulus and the loss of the very concept of “capital”.

A campaign against Vasily of Moscow could bring Ulu-Muhammad a chance to revive the ulus. However, his children took advantage of this chance, by whom he was killed shortly after the campaign. One - Mahmud, his direct killer, took the throne in Kazan and set about reviving the Khanate. The other two, Kasim and Yakub, moved to Muscovy, taking advantage of the promise wrested from Vasily to found a Muslim khanate in the populated Muscovite territories.

Economic observations

The treasure characterizes the economic situation in the Volga region in the 1410-1420s. The main observation is poverty. The coins of the late Horde mintage are, in principle, made of poor silver, but in our hoard, and in other collections and finds, the coins minted at that time in Bulgar and Bulgar al-Jedid are much worse than the Hadji-Tarkhan ones and even those minted in Urdu. When dry mechanically brushed with a toothbrush, copper instantly comes out from under the shine of these “silver” money. Obviously, coins in the Bulgar at that time were struck from pure copper, lightly alloying them with silver.

However, commodity-money relations were not forgotten. The population and economy needed the precious metal. Therefore, along with coins, simple silver items were also used. They were preferable to coins in that the silver in jewelry was better: after all, coins suffered the consequences of exploitation of monetary regalia, and jewelry avoided this fate, and in the poorest societies they remain of high quality.

At the same time, Russian coins also penetrated into the Bulgarian economy. It seems that at the time described, three Russian coins entered our treasure on the same basis as the silver plaque - like pieces of metal. In the future, the Russian coin will gradually replace other banknotes in the economy of the Khanate, and the treasure of 1552, recently discovered in Kazan, is indicative in that it consists entirely of Russian coins [The Great Volga Road..., p. 308]. This happened because Russian coins from the very beginning until the 17th century retained a very high standard. Although silver “will not be born in the Moscow state,” it must be assumed that it has been appearing since the time of Dmitry, who began minting coins. And it was, of course, Horde silver.

At one time, to the question “where did the Tatars get gold and silver from in previous years,” the Russian Tsar received an answer - it was mined in the Urals, where, according to the informant, workings were visible in his time. The defeat of Mamai in 1380, as proven today, led to the seizure of great wealth that was with Mamai on the campaign. Prince Yuri, whose coin was found in our treasure, plundered Bulgaria in 1399 as part of the Moscow army, burning Bulgar itself, Zhukotin, Kermenchuk. After this campaign, Yuri returned “with great self-interest,” and Bulgar was no longer revived, giving way to an undestroyed settlement - Bulgar Novy, or Iski-Kazan, in which finds of coins have been noted since 1400. Those Russians were also minted from Bulgar silver coins that fell into the treasure of a Tatar, a resident of Bulgar Novy, shortly before its destruction.

What about copper? As you can see, there is one copper pool in the treasure. In principle, a coin system built on extremely low-grade silver does not need copper at all. Moreover, silver, even low-grade silver, still goes at a more or less real rate (at least it tries), and copper always goes at a forced rate. In order to have copper money for ease of payment, the state must have strong political will. What then is this pool doing in our treasure?

This phenomenon can be explained by analogy with the late Bosporus. In the treasures of the “Dark Time”, 6th century AD, the gold solidi of Justinian are adjacent to the copper “staters” of the last Bosporan kings, who minted coins back in the late 3rd and early 4th centuries. This means that the copper coins of Thothorsus and Rheskuporidas VI continued to remain money, although high-quality Byzantine gold was present on the market in negligible quantities. Namely, the market, with a shortage of money supply, grabs everything that is even remotely suitable for the role of money - foreign coins, copper coins, which seem to have lost their functions, just silver in the form of jewelry.

The treasure from Old Kazan, or from New Bulgar, allows us to understand how the Volga ulus was destroyed, how Moscow rose to its feet. His own civil strife was destroying him; the princes of Nizhny and Moscow grew rich on his wealth. The victory of Ulu-Muhammad over Vasily, the fruits of which he did not have time to take advantage of, became a chance for the revival of the Volga region. The Kazan Khanate fed on the food that was captured from Moscow after the unsuccessful battle of Suzdal. This was the beginning of the short but vibrant history of the Kazan Khanate, which survived thanks to the support of Crimea.

Evgeny Arsyukhin,

Anasovsky district, village. Karatun.

1986 A very large (weighing about 30 kilograms) treasure was found, consisting mainly of Golden Horde coins. The youngest coin is the dirham of Tokhtamysh 796 AH. (1394-1395). In addition to the coins of the Golden Horde, the treasure contained 6 Russian money:

Moscow: Dmitry Ivanovich - 2 copies. (Tolstoy I.I., 1910, No. 13, weight 0.96 and 0.99 g); Vasily I - 2 copies. (Tolstoy I.I., 1911, No. 11, weight 0.78; No. 38, weight 0.87 g). Nizhny Novgorod: Boris Konstantinovich - 2 copies. (Oreshnikov A.V., 1896, No. 709, weight 0.80 and 0.95 g). Dates from the end of the 14th century.

Kolyzin A.M., 1998, p.42, No. 31.

With. Dosaevo.

A treasure was discovered buried under Toktamysh, with one Russian coin (0.2% of the total number of coins in the treasure, according to G.A. Fedorov-Davydov). The treasure was hidden at the end of the 14th century.

Fedorov-Davydov G.A., 1981, p.22, note. eleven.

Kazan province, Chistopol district, village. Small Tolkish.

1881 Treasure of 4803 silver coins in a jug. The treasure included coins of the Golden Horde (the earliest - Tokta, the latest - Toktamysh) and 25 Russian imitations. It dates back to the turn of the 14th - 15th centuries.

Zagoskin N.P., 1884; UAC for 1882-1888, p.XXIII; Fedorov-Davydov G.A., 1960, pp. 159,160, No. 151.

Tyutushsky district, village. Chula.

1956. A treasure of coins was found, amounting to 700 copies, minted in Bolgar and others in the beginning. XV century. In addition to the Golden Horde dirhams, it contained several copies of Russian coins with Russian and Tatar inscriptions. Among the Russians, coins of Dmitry Donskoy and Daniil Borisovich of Suzdal are noted. The treasure dates back to the first decade of the 15th century.

Soviet Tataria, 24. IX. 1957; Fedorov-Davydov G.A., 1960, p. 170, No. 202a; Kolyzin A.M., 1998, p. 41, No. 28.

Kazan province, Tetyushsky district

1907. Not far from the town of Tetyushi, a treasure of 1476 (G.A. Fedorov-Davydov - 1515) coins was found, of which 1263 copies. belonged to the coinage of Toktamysh, 195 copies. - coins of the Jagataids, Isfendiars, Jelairids, Osmanids and Jochids, 16 (according to Fedorov-Davydov - 13) copies. — coins of the Jochids or imitations with Russian countermarks, Ryazan — 1 copy. and Gorodets, Boris Konstantinovich - 1 copy. 198 coins arrived at the Hermitage, the rest were purchased by P.V. Zubov. Tatar coins with Russian countermark “B” - 4 copies, human head (?) - 1 copy, “marten muzzle” - 5 copies, “VIC” - 1 copy, triangle - 1 copy, “BO” - 1 copy The treasure dates back to the beginning of the 15th century.

DAK, 1907, No. 99; UAC, 1907, pp. 119,120,137; Ilyin A.A., 1924, p.33, No. 27; Fedorov-Davydov G.A., 1960, p. 169, No. 198.

Mokrinsky district, village. Svetino.

1936 A large treasure was found, consisting of 8959 silver coins. It contains:

Golden Horde. Toqta (710 AH) - Pulad (813 AH) - 7842 copies.

Russian imitations: Dzhanibek-4 copies; Tokhtamysh-1 copy.

Moscow, Dmitry Donskoy-4, Vasily I - 62 copies. Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod Principality, Vasily Dmitrievich Kirdyapa-22, Dmitry Konstantinovich - 16, Daniil-15 copies. Dmitrov, Petr Dmitrievich-8 copies. Rostov, Andrey-1, Andrey Fedorovich and Alexander Konstantinovich - 3, Alexander-1 copy. Serpukhov, Vladimir Andreevich Brave-3 copies. Mozhaisk, Andrey Dmitrievich-1 copy. Galich, Yuri Dmitrievich-3 copies. Tver, Ivan Mikhailovich-4 copies. Unidentified Russian coins - 1049 copies. The treasure was hidden in 1410 or 1411.

Storage: GMT, inv. No. 32987-32991.

Fedorov-Davydov G.A., 1960, pp. 169,170, No. 201; Kolyzin A.M., 1998, p. 36, No. 13.

Kazan province, Spassky district, Pichkinskaya vol., village. Khristoforovka.

1873 Three miles from the village a treasure was found in a copper jug. 300 coins were taken to the Hermitage, the rest were melted down. There is no data on the total number of coins, but initially the treasure “contained cut coins of the khans of Uzbek, Janibek, Birdibek, Khizr, Nauruz and Khair-Pulad and whole coins of Tokhtamysh, Timur-Kutlu, Shadibek and Pulad, and in addition, also whole Jagatai coins of Surgatmysh, Mahmud, Timur and Said and Russian imitations of Tatar coins.” The Hermitage part of the treasure includes Tatar coins (Khair-Pulad - Timur and Surgatamysh) and Russian coins, in the amount of 3 copies. The treasure is presumably dated to the beginning of the second decade of the 15th century.

DAK, 1873, No. 21; UAC, 1873, p. XXXIII; Fedorov-Davydov G.A., 1960, p. 169, No. 200.

Kazan district, Sosnovka village.

1911 A treasure was found consisting of 925 silver coins. Of these, 922 coins are the Golden Horde (the earliest is Tokta, 710 AH, the latest is Kibyak), 1 erased and three Russian: Vasily II - 1 copy, Daniil Borisovich of Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod - 1 copy, erased - 1 copy

According to G.A. Fedorov-Davydov, the treasure was sold to P.V. Zubov. In the report by A.A. Ilyin indicated a different number of coins (907 copies). In addition to the money of Vasily II and Daniil Borisovich, there is talk of “imitation of the money of Uzbek with the legend of the Grand Duke.” In addition, 3 imitations of Horde coins were noted: 1414, Toktamysh and Uzbek 1339. The Ilyin treasure entered the Hermitage.

It was probably hidden at the end of the second decade of the 15th century.

DAK, 1912, No. 9; UAC, 1912, p.94,110; Ilyin A.A., 1924, p.32, No. 20; Smirnov A.P., 1950, p.73; Fedorov-Davydov G.A., 1960, pp. 168,169, No. 197; Mets N.D., 1974, p. 75, No. 6; Kolyzin A.M., 1998, p. 35, No. 9.

Krasnoarmeysky district, village. Nimich-Kasy.

1957 A treasure of 558 coins was found: Golden Horde (556 copies): Shadibek (805 AH) - Mohamed ben Timur. Russians: Moscow. Vasily I - 1 copy. (Oreshnikov A.V., 1896, No. 497, Fig. 355); Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod Principality, Daniil-1 copy. (Oreshnikov A.V., 1896, No. 889,890, fig. 770,771).

The treasure dates back to the first third of the 15th century.

Storage: State Historical Museum, No. 95534 (509 copies), Local History Museum of Chuvashia (10 copies), “Research Institute under the Council of Ministers of the Czech Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic” (39 copies).

Mets N.D., Melnikova A.S., 1960, p.81,82, No. 94; Fedorov-Davydov G.A., 1960, p. 170, No. 202b; Kolyzin A.M., 1998, p.43, No. 34.

Kuibyshevsky district, Semenovka village.

1962 A treasure consisting of 2091 coins was discovered.

Jochids: Shadibek - 109, Pulad - 25, Timur - 68, Jalal ad-Din - 48, Kibyak - 75, Chokre - 305, Dervish - 601, Kader-Birdi - 161, Ulu-Mukhamed - 75, anonymous - 190, unidentified — 432 copies. In addition to the coins of the Golden Horde, the treasure contained two Russian coins: Daniil Borisovich of Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod - 1 and unidentified - 1 copy. Definition by A.G. Mukhamadieva. The treasure can be dated to the second quarter of the 15th century.

Storage: GMT.

Mukhamadiev A.G., 1964; Fedorov-Davydov G.A., 1974, p. 180, No. 202-g; Fedorov-Davydov G.A., 1981, p.22, note. 12.

Oktyabrsky district, Karaulnaya Gora village.

1957 Treasure containing 2859 silver coins.

Jochids: Shadibek, Bolgar - 6; Pulad, Bolgar - 2; Timur, Bolgar - 1; Jalal ad-Din, Bolgar - 1; Kibyak, Bolgar - 1; Chokre, Bolgar - 2; Dervish, Bolgar - 3; Giyas ad-Din, with tamga - 638, Bolgar - 219; Muhamed-Barak, Bolgar - 159, Khel-Birdi-Bazar, Jidi-Bik-Bazar and Hadji-Tarkhan - 19; Ulu-Mukhamed, Il-Uy Muazzam - 49, Sarai - 21, Hadji-Tarkhan - 39, Jidi-Bik-Bazar - 2, Urdu-Bazar - 41, with tamga - 91, with tamga in the form of a trefoil - 6, Bolgar - 684; Davlet-Birdi, Il-Uy Muazzam - 16, Dzhidi-Bik-Bazar - 109, Orda-Bazar - 5; Khan - ?, Bolgar - 560, with tamga - 114, Sarai - 55 copies. Russians: Daniil Borisovich Suzdal-Nizhegorodsky - 15; Vasily II - 1 copy. Definition by A.G. Mukhamadieva.

According to A.M. Kolyzin’s treasure contained 16 coins of Vasily II and “44 coins of the same prince, minted as “Muhammad” (probably under Muhammad (1421-1445).” The treasure dates back to the beginning of the second quarter of the 15th century.

Storage: GMT No. 33845.

Mukhamadiev A.G., 1966; Fedorov-Davydov G.A., 1974, p. 180, No. 202-v; Fedorov-Davydov G.A., 1981, p.22, note. 12; Mukhamadiev A.G., 1983, pp. 155-158, No. 28; Kolyzin A.M., 1998, p.41, No. 29.

Kuibyshevsky district, village. Measure.

1962 A treasure of silver coins was found in a jug. In addition to the Juchid ones, which made up the main part of the treasure (the earliest coin is Shadibek, 805 AH, the later one is Muhammad), 1 coin of Daniil of Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod (weight - 0.56 g) and 1 Russian coin, with the image of a horseman with a spear, are noted , probably the Moscow denga of Vasily II, minted before 1446 (weight - 0.72 g). The treasure was hidden in the late 1430s - early 1440s.

Storage: GMT, No. 34410.

Fedorov-Davydov G.A., 1963, p. 218, No. 201-a; Mukhamadiev A.G., 1983, pp. 154,155, No. 27; Kolyzin A.M., 1998, p.42, No. 30.

Tatarstan, not far from Kazan.

Mid-1990s A treasure was found containing several kilograms of Jochid silver coins of the khans up to and including Tokhtamysh, among which there were several Russian coins. The treasure has been distributed among collectors; more precise information is currently missing. The treasure probably dates back to the end of the 14th century.

Message from I.V. Evstratova 04/18/2000

1. In 1853, in the vicinity of the village, a treasure of 31 coins from the second half of the 8th - early 10th centuries was discovered. (Umayyads - 738-739, Abbasids - 763-877, Samanids (Ismail ben Ahmed), Bulgar (?) imitations of the latter - beginning of the 10th century), minted in Shash, Samarkand, Balkh and Enderab.

2. In 1873 A gold wicker bracelet without chatons and a gold ring with a flat shield without a chaton were found. The finds have not been preserved.

3. In 1879, in the settlement of Siberia, a clay jug was found filled with silver ingots, on top of which lay two large earrings of excellent workmanship made of gold with acorn-shaped pendants and with a figurine of a bird made of filigree wire in the ring, two rings with niello. One ring was purchased by A.F. Likhachev.

4. In 1879, a silver ingot (9 spools) in the form of a groove was discovered. piece of gold leaf from jewelry. Lost.

5. On June 17, 1879, N.A. Samartseva found a piece of gold sheet that served as decoration (petal with a hole). As the Chistopol district police officer reported, “...the peasant girl Natalya Aleksandrovna Samartseva, on June 17, digging up the ground, looking for various bones at a distance of 1 verst from Bilyarsk, at a depth of two arshins, found several sheets of red gold rolled up in a lump.” According to the conclusion of the imperial archaeological commission dated September 6, 1879, “... they turned out to have no archaeological interest at all.” The find is lost.

6. 1880 G.S. Murzin found 28 items made of copper: kumgans, basins, ladles. Let me give an excerpt from the report of the Chistopol district police officer dated April 13, 1895: “... About 15 years ago, the peasant Grigory Semenov Murzin did excavations and dug up 28 pieces of copper kumgans, basins and ladles, which were taken from him and presented according to their ownership. Years 4 or 5 years ago, Murzin tried to dig again, but found nothing regarding the recent attempts to excavate, I made an order to prevent it and established surveillance.” The items were not preserved.

7. At the end of May 1882, a treasure acquired by A.F. Likhachev was found in the Sibir settlement (Fig. 51). A clay jug with one handle was filled with 18 pieces of silver ingots of various shapes, weighing 124 spools and 2 shares, on top of which a silver bracelet woven from wire was placed. Around the jug, buried just like that in the ground, lay 8 gold objects. They included 2 bracelets woven from 6 wires, the ends of which were flattened and chatons with inserts with inscriptions were soldered to them, as well as six rings, of which two rings with balls and a platform with a chaton, decorated with grain at the base, two rings with round chatons, one ring with an extension and another made of gold wire; it was coiled. Location unknown.

8. In 1882, in the settlement of Siberia (?) 2 gold ingots, a gold ring, and several pounds of silver in different ingots were found. The treasure is lost.

9. In 1889, near the village of Bilyarsk, A.T. Solovyov found a copper vessel, as well as several more bronze vessels by other finders. The finds are lost.

10. In the 20s. XX century A. Ilderyakov found a gold temple pendant with a duck between Bilyarsk and Shama (Fig. 53: 1). Acquired by the Bilyarsk archaeological expedition.

11. In the 60s. XX century A treasure of 14th-century Jochid coins was found at the III Bilyar settlement.

12.1928 A jug with bracelets, rings and earrings was found on Pushkin Street. The treasure is lost.

13. A jug with earrings, bracelets and jewelry was found on Krasnoborskaya Street. Lost.

14. Two jugs, kumgans and basins were found on Pushkin Street. Not preserved.

15. S. Smolyakov was given a jug with beads and bracelets. Location unknown.

16. In 1958, I. Kozyrev and A. Perelygin plowed out 4 large copper basins, 4 kumgans, 1 twisted silver bracelet nested into each other between the near and middle ramparts in the south-eastern side of the outer city. One bracelet and a kumgan were handed over to an archaeological expedition. Kumgan is kept in the funds of the Scientific Center for Research and Development II ANT.

The garrison of the Cheremshan fortress withstood the second battle with the rebel detachments in June of the following year. Then the rebel troops were led by another ally of Pugachev - Chika Zarubin. He walked from the Urals to Kazan, to unite with Pugachev’s troops and jointly assault the city. This battle in the Saleikino area turned out to be much bloodier and longer than the first. More than one and a half thousand rebels and about three hundred dragoons, the defenders of the fortress, died there. And again the battle ended in victory for the sovereign's troops.

It was a long time ago, but the residents of Cheremshan still do not tire of retelling tales associated with the most striking historical event in the life of their village.
For example, Pugachevsky Val. It was as if many years ago Pugachev was looking at the Cheremshan fortress from it and wondering how to attack it.
Even more interesting is the story with the Emelyan stone and the Pugachev treasure. On the highest hill, from where the whole of Cheremshan is in full view, there is a huge stone. There is a belief that under it - just move it! - you can discover countless treasures looted by the rebels. There is a belief that the treasure is cursed for two hundred years, and supposedly soon it will be possible to get it! But there is one condition: part of the money from the treasure must be distributed to the common people - those who need it most! Only then will the rest of the money bring happiness to a person! There are local stories about those people who wanted to get the treasure ahead of time, but it was not given to them!

1. April 26, 1905, village of Baptized Baran. 553 Arab coins of the 10th-11th centuries were found. in an earthenware vessel, totaling 2 3/8 lbs. Kept in the Hermitage.

2. 1882, "village of Gorodok. 46 chopped silver bars and 2 silver earrings of the 12th century were found. Lost.

3. 1870, "the village of Sabakaika. When plowing near the village in a clay pot, the following were found: two gold earrings with acorn-shaped pendants on chains, 7 silver rings, one of them covered with grain, the rest with a smooth wide shield, covered with a pattern with niello : two with images of birds, one with an ornament, also 5 large silver bracelets, twisted from 8 wires, with flat lamellar ends, a silver neck torc with long round darts at the ends, equipped with hooks (XII century).

4. 1960, p. Wet Kurnali. On the left bank of the river. In Kurnalinka, on the arable land, M.V. Sadykov found 2 gold temple rings (XII century). They have three acorn-shaped beads on a wire open ring, and three more beads suspended on chains. The ring contains a figurine of a bird, decorated with grain and filigree. Five wire bracelets were also found here, four of which have survived. Stored in GOM RT.

5. 1896, village of Sabakaika. 4 silver bracelets, 3 unsoldered rings, 11 silver coins of Uzbek, Berdibek, Janibek (1310-1380) were found in the surrounding area. Some of the items are kept in the Hermitage.

6. 1900, Guryevka village. Found: a boat-shaped silver coin hryvnia weighing 189.135 g (44 gold 48 in.) of the “Novgorod” type with light cuts on the flat side; silver coins totaling 2.5 pounds. 5 coins have been identified: Janibek, Sarai al-Jadid, 748 AH, Gulistan - 756 AH. They were in a clay pot. Not preserved.

7. May 1, 1970, S. Arbuzov Baran. From the village comes 3 pounds of silver, which amounted to 729 Jochid coins of 1310-1362. coinage and a 1/2 lb. (90.05 g) silver stick. The treasure was in a copper mug.

8. July 8, 1887, p. Gorki. I.Ya.Sizov found 185 silver coins of the khans of the Golden Horde in his yard - Uzbek, Janibek, Berdibek, Kulna, Nauruz, Khizr, Ordumelik, Murid, 710-764 AH.

9. 1907, p. Gorki. 115 silver coins were found in the village, mostly of Khan Janibek.

10. village Balakhchino. V. Borisov and V. Meshkachev, while digging a grave in the cemetery, found 350 silver coins, dating, according to N.P. Likhachev, to the time from Uzbek to Tokhtamysh (1380-1400), with the predominance of mintage of the khans of Uzbek, Janibek, Berdibek .

11. p. Voykino. 32 silver coins of the 15th century were found in the village.

12. 1910, p. Gogolikha. In a ravine on the bank of the river. Three iron sickles were found in Moksha (XII - XIV centuries). Transferred to GOM RT in 1945 by V.V. Egerev.

If you look at how the finds are distributed throughout the area, you will notice that they seem to be concentrated in several places. This is the outskirts of Bilyar. Paradoxically, the vast majority of treasures found here were buried during the Golden Horde: in the period 1310-1380, one might even say, in 1350-1380. The second large cluster of treasures is located in the northwestern part of the area, where the road to the crossing of the Kama River at the Murzikha settlement, through Kurnalinka and through Balakhchino to Shuran passed. There were small settlements and a large settlement called Gorodok. By the way, a treasure of small silver ingots was found in the latter. Treasures were buried here in the 12th and 14th centuries, which reflects the most critical moments in the life of the ancient inhabitants of this area. It must be said that this territory, in comparison with the southern part of the region, was quite populated even during the Golden Horde period, although not as densely as in the previous time. Two treasures in the western part of the area are clearly buried along the route of caravans along the Aktai, a little away from the main route. Thus, treasures shed light on another side of the life of ancient people: the one who buried the treasure hopes to dig it up later. But obviously this did not always happen. How many human tragedies, secrets and mysteries these silent precious finds contain!

LATEST FINDS AND TREASURES:

During the exploration work of the Bilyar archaeological expedition of Kazan University in 1998 near the village. In Bilyarsk, eight Kufic coins were found from a treasure destroyed by plowing.

Coin1. Shems al-Maali Qabus ben Washamgir (978-1012) with the name of Caliph al-Tai (974-991)

(d=24mm g=5.01g)

Coin6. Shems al-Maali Qaboos bin Washamgir

(978-1012) with the name of Caliph al-Qadir (991-1031) (d=24mm g=4.86g)

Coin7. Ali bin Mamun Khorezmshah (997-1015)

with the name of Caliph al-Qadir (991-1031) (d=26mm g=3.92g)

Later, several more whole coins and their fragments were found here.

The coins of the treasure date back to the turn of the 10th-11th centuries. In its composition, it is similar to the treasure found in the village of Krasny (formerly Kreshenny) Baran, Spassky district, Kazan province, 15 km. northwest of the village, and published by A.K. Markov in 1909. The circular legends of the found coins, containing the time and place of minting, are difficult to read. However, the central legends allow us to determine their date quite accurately.

ALSO ABOUT THE TREASURE FOUND IN THE ANCIENT BULGARS:

During excavations at the construction site of a new river station on the territory of the Bolgar Museum-Reserve in Tatarstan, a unique treasure was discovered, hidden approximately in the 13th - 14th centuries. Six gold objects and three copper vessels were found by archaeologists at the bottom of the basement of a large residential building that died in a fire at a depth of about 2.5 m.

The area where the new river station is being built is a large craft district with estate buildings. Previously, researchers had already found two jewelry matrices and a gold ring here. To date, the work has uncovered 6 residential buildings that date back to Golden Horde times. But most of it still remains under unexplored areas of the future river station pit.

The items include three twisted gold wire earrings with a semi-precious stone at the end, two pendants and a turquoise-encrusted ring with an ornamental outer edge. One of the pendants is made in the form of a voluminous openwork figurine of a bird in a complex filigree style. The other one is in the form of a small acorn, also made using the filigree technique. Copper utensils, which also testify to the prosperity and even wealth of its owners, consist of two cauldrons and a large ladle.

Archaeologists approximately date the find to the 13th - 14th centuries. Now the treasure is already in, reports the press service of the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Tatarstan.

It is located on the northern outskirts of the city on a cape formed by the bank of the Volga and a ravine called “Lousy Hill”. The sub-quadrangular site of the fort, extended from the northwest to the southeast (120x20-30m), is fenced on the floor side by a cone-shaped rampart and a swollen ditch. A thick (about 70 cm) cultural layer with finds of Imenkovo ​​and Bulgarian pottery ceramics was revealed.

Tetyushsky location Neolithic - bronze (this is the period when people learned to make tools and jewelry from bronze)

In 1949, 400 m north of the city, a flint adze was discovered in a coastal outcrop at a depth of 1.5 m.

Found 2-3 km north of the city in 1907. Jochid coins.

Tetyushsky finds I Paleolithic (the oldest and longest stage in human history. Several periods of glaciation date back to this time)

In 1931, G.F. Mirchnik found a tool of a Mousterian appearance near the city in a secondary occurrence.

Tetyushskie finds II. Neolithic - bronze.

A drill ax - a hammer, a grinding stone and a leaf-shaped quartz arrowhead - were found in the area of ​​the city.

Tetyushskie finds III

From the city, the collection of the State Historical Museum contains part of a noisy pendant in the form of a bronze figurine of a duck and a clay spherocone, characteristic of the culture of the pre-Mongol Bulgars. Tetyushskie finds IV

The discovery of a copper coin of Bata Khan with the name Al-Nasir is known from the city.

Site "Krasnaya Glinka" Paleolithic

5 km southeast of the village. Bessonovo, in the outcrops of the cape, known as “Krasnaya Glinka” in 1951, bone remains (rhinoceros, horse, bison, etc.) and flint chopping tools, scrapers, cores, flakes were collected in the pebble layer, as well as in the screes. These finds date back to the Aschel-Musterian time. In 1954, flakes and cores of a Mousterian appearance were found here.

Bakrchin finds II

This is where the alabaster seal with an Arabic inscription comes from, containing, according to G.V. Yusupov, the title “al-Saltan”, common during the existence of the Kazan Khanate.

Bolshe-Tarkhan settlement

Located 4.5 km southeast and 2 km north of the village. Tyukashi on three capes of its main shore, strongly elongated towards the Volga. The settlement occupies an area of ​​capes 1200 m long and about 600 m wide. On the floor side it is fortified with a U-shaped rampart and a ditch (the length of the rampart is about 1.5 km, the height is from 0.8-0.9 to 1.5 m , the depth of the ditch is 1 m and the width is about 3 m). To the side of the field from this rampart and ditch there is a strip of “wolf” pits with a width of 75 to 200 m. The headlands on the river side are additionally fortified with ramparts and ditches (the height of the ramparts is from 0.9 m to 2 m, the width at the base is from 1 - 5 m, width from 3 to 6 m). On the gentle slopes of the capes there are traces of earthen semicircular bastions. On the middle and eastern capes there are a number of oval-shaped pits measuring 3x5 m and from 10-12 to 80 cm. They contain ceramics, truncated biconical spindle whorls, cinders, slags, and animal bones.

More - Tarkhansky burial ground I. VIII-IX centuries. The village of Bolshiye-Tarkhany, left bank, left tributary of the river. Sviyaga. The burial ground was opened by AE KFAN under the leadership of N.F. Kalinin in 1950. In 1957,1960. AE KSU under the leadership of A.Kh. Khalikova and V.F. Genninpa opened 358 burials. In 1970 7 more burials were studied. The burial ground was left by the early Bulgars and dates back to the second half of the VIII-beginning. 9th century

Bolshe-Tarkhansky burial ground II. VIII-IV centuries

Located 400 m northeast of the village. In 1960, the AE KSU discovered the remains of three burials. In one of the burials, a Saltovka-style jug, astragalus of a ram, and beads were found.

Bolshe-Tarkhanskoe cemetery with tombstones

The monument is located on the outskirts of the village.

Dolinovskaya site.

In 1964, on the site of a former village, flints and ceramics were collected in an area of ​​80x30 m, washed out.

Found near the valley. Belongs to the Golden Horde period.

Prolei-Kashinsky finds

In 1881, a bronze bowl with silver inlay was found in the village.

A treasure trove of Jochid coins comes from the village.

Kolunetsky settlement

Located 4.2 km southeast of the village. The area is 18,000 sq.m.

Found in 1882 near the Bolshe-Atryas cemetery.

Malo-Atryask I coin hoard

It was found near the village of Malye Atryas in 1856 and was known for a long time in the literature under the name “Tetyushsky treasure”. Part of it in the amount of 2000 coins was described by numismatist P. Savelyev. The date of the treasure is 1281-1383.

Malo-Atryaska II coin hoard

Found in 1954 in the amount of 14,270 coins. Coins of the Golden Horde khans from Tokta (1310) to Bek-Pulad (1390). In addition to silver coins, the treasure also contained gold coins of the Potan sultans.

Atryas finds I. Neolithic - bronze

From the village of Atryas, the collection of V.I. Zausailov contains a stone hammer-pestle with a grooved interception, a ground adze, fragments of ground chisels and adzes, and a flint arrowhead. In the GMTR collection, the polished stone axe-hammer, pestle-breaker and polished stone also come from here.

Russian coins in the treasures of the Middle Volga region ***

Russian coins in the treasures of the middle Volga region of the 14th - first half of the 15th centuries.
A study of the connection between Russian monetary circulation and the monetary circulation of neighboring regions in the 14th - 15th centuries. is quite important when studying the entire complex of economic relations of a given period. For obvious reasons, a special place is occupied by the question of the relationship between the Russian and Tatar monetary systems.

For more than one hundred and fifty years, this problem has remained relevant for researchers of the history and culture of the principalities of Northern Rus' and the Moscow state. Analyzing the composition of the monetary circulation of the Golden Horde, P.S. Savelyev drew attention to the presence of Russian coins in the Volga region (Savelyev P.S., 1858). This issue was raised quite acutely in the works of A.V. Oreshnikov “Okulovsky treasure of Russian money” and I.I. Tolstoy “Money of Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy” (Oreshnikov A.V., 1908; Tolstoy I.I., 1910). In the 40-50s. XX century this topic was addressed by G.B. Fedorov, I.G. Spassky, V.L. Yanin (Fedorov G.B., 1947; Spassky I.G., 1956; Yanin V.L., 1956). And at present, this issue remains one of the most pressing, as evidenced by the works of G.A. Fedorova-Davydova, A.M. Kolyzin and other researchers.

However, the main topic that attracts the attention of archaeologists and numismatists is the assessment of the role of the influence of the Golden Horde monetary system in the process of resumption of their own coinage by the Moscow, Ryazan and Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod great principalities in the 14th century (Fedorov-Davydov G.A., 1981, 1989; Kolyzin A.M., 1994, 1998; Kisterev S.N., 1998). The problem of circulation of coins of the Golden Horde on Russian territory is also being studied (Fedorov-Davydov G.A., 1960, 1963; 1981, etc.).

The circulation of Russian coins in the Volga region in the first half of the 16th century was considered (Spassky I.G., 1954). At the same time, the participation of Russian coins in the monetary circulation of the Tatar lands of the 14th - 15th centuries has not yet been the subject of a separate study, although in almost every work devoted to the history of monetary circulation or numismatics of this period, this topic is touched upon to some extent . In the process of creating a consolidated topography of Russian treasures from the 14th - first half of the 16th centuries. an opportunity has arisen to consider this issue in more detail, which is what this article is devoted to.

The upper chronological boundary of the period to which the treasures under study belong is the last quarter of the 14th century, that is, the beginning of their own coinage in the Russian principalities. The lower border is the middle of the 15th century. that is, the end of the reign of Vasily II and the moment the flow of Russian coins to the Volga region ceased. The appendix provides a summary of information about treasures originating from the area in question.

To date, at least 15 dated treasures of this period are known, discovered in the Volga region and containing Russian coins (in this case, Horde coins with Ryazan countermarks should also be considered Russian).

More precise information about the treasures is provided in the appendix, and table 1 presents the basic data necessary for analyzing their composition. The finds from the Volga region are characterized by the following features.

Firstly, an extremely small percentage of Russian coins. It ranges from 0.01% (Karatun, 1986, No. 3) to 4.20% (Rybushka, 1915, No. 2) and only in the huge Svetinsky treasure of 1936 (No. 8) it makes up 13.36% of the total.

Secondly, the very large size of the treasures. Only one of them, the southernmost one, contains less than 500 coins (Rybushka, No. 2) and the number of coins in the remaining ten ranges from 556 (Nimich-Kasy, No. 11) to almost 9000 copies (Svetino, No. 8)*. For comparison, throughout the rest of the territory, where coins of Russian principalities were present in treasures at that time, only eight treasures containing more than 500 coins were found.

The third thing that needs to be noted is that the region under consideration is the place of the greatest concentration of Golden Horde treasures from the late 14th to early 15th centuries.

According to G.A. Fedorov-Davydov, more than 40 treasures were discovered here, containing exclusively Jochid coins, hidden in the period from 1380 to 1440. Of the 24 treasures that do not contain Russian coins and the sizes of which are precisely known, only 7 contain more than 500 coins (Fedorov-Davydov G.A., 1960; Fedorov-Davydov G.A., 1963; Fedorov-Davydov G.A. , 1974). The following pattern is evident: in small treasures, which at that time most accurately reflect the composition of the real monetary circulation of a certain territory and which predominate in quantitative terms, there are no Russian coins, but if we consider large treasures, then Russian coins are present in two-thirds of such finds.

Based on the above data, it should be concluded that, despite the apparent abundance of treasures containing Russian coins in the Volga region, the penetration of coins of Russian principalities into the monetary circulation of the Golden Horde throughout the entire period under review was very insignificant and they practically did not play a role in the local monetary circulation, appearing in treasures only as part of large savings. The great importance of the Volga route for the Russian principalities was repeatedly noted (Metz N.D., 1974, p. 55, etc.). The question arises about the ownership of these treasures. One of the most likely categories of their owners can be called merchants, conducting trading operations not only on the local, but also on the Western - Russian - market (this assumption is especially convincing for the Svetinsky treasure). An indirect confirmation of this is the fact that almost all large treasures of the Volga region with Russian coins were discovered on the banks of the rivers of the Volga basin, which were natural transport and trade routes.

In addition, the treasure material clearly illustrates the political crisis and decline of the Golden Horde; as a consequence - a significant decline in the intensity of trade relations between the Russian principalities and the Volga region. In the middle Volga region, only three treasures are known, consisting of Russian and Tatar silver coins, which can be dated to the thirties - early forties of the 15th century (Hoards No. 12, 13, 14).

This can be explained by the facts of the political history of the Volga region: after Timur’s campaign on the Volga and his defeat of the largest cities of the Golden Horde, after the loss of real political power by Tokhtamysh, a constant struggle continued between relatively weak contenders for supreme power in the Horde. At the same time, none of the fighting parties was able to achieve even such an ephemeral unity of their lands as was the case under Tokhtamysh. (See, for example: Grekov B.D., Yakubovsky A.Yu., 1998, pp. 249-312, etc.). In economic life, this state of affairs meant continued and constantly worsening instability. The decline of cities led to the cessation of minting and circulation of their own coins already in the second quarter of the 15th century (Fedorov-Davydov G.A., 1960, p. 129; 1994, p. 209, 210). and, most importantly for this work, led to a severance or sharp reduction in trade relations with the Russian principalities. Treasures containing Russian coins dating from the second half of the forties to the mid-seventies of the 15th century are unknown in this region.

In the second half of the 15th century. Major changes are taking place in the political and economic life of Eastern Europe. The unification of the Russian lands under Ivan III entailed - this is clearly shown by the treasure trove - the development of trade relations of the Moscow state, both internal and external. At this time, Russian coins reappeared in the middle Volga region. However, the composition of the treasures, the area of ​​their distribution, and, probably, the social affiliation of their owners are strikingly different from the previous period. Therefore, consider together all the treasures of the Volga region of the 14th - first third of the 16th centuries. is possible only against the background of the general picture of treasure formation in Russian lands. This work does not have such a goal, although its relevance cannot be questioned.

Elabuga - treasures and legends

Having crossed Vyatka, we will find ourselves in the Yelabuga region. Here, about 5 km from the border with the Mamadyshsky district, is the village of Chirshi - the birthplace of millionaire P.P. Batolin, one of the richest people in pre-revolutionary Russia. The “gold rush”, generated by rumors about Batolinsky gold in the dashing 90s, led to funny things: once the field behind the Batolin trading office was dug up by an excavator. Now this building has been completely dismantled brick by brick, but the treasure has not been found. Digging enthusiasts suggest that it still exists, but was hidden in grain warehouses. As for our attempts to find the treasure, their result was the discovery of numerous clay shards in the village garden, a pair of forged rusty nails, a Nikolaev kopeck, a fragment of a carved marble slab and an empty weapons cache in the basement (!).

About a dozen kilometers towards Udmurtia - and we reach the old Siberian Highway. Here, in the village of Old Kuklyuk, one of the residents told the following story:

“I served in Siberia. One day, a friend and I went on leave and went to his village, which is nearby. There the conversation turned to home, about family, and suddenly the grandmother of a colleague responded from the stove. It turned out that she was born in Kuklyuk. In general, she says , I’m going to die soon, they say, I’ll tell you everything how it happened.”

“In 1918, a detachment of whites stopped at their prosperous “kulak” estate. They were carrying some chests with them. When it became known that the Red Division was advancing here, they fussed, loaded it all onto a cart and began to leave along the Siberian Highway. And I was 18. I begged the officers to take me with them. The Reds were already very close, shots were heard on the rise of the cart, and the officers, dragging the chest to the ground, buried it there, by the road, and they left on foot along the road. surrounding villages. Almost everyone was killed later. And I reached Siberia with other refugees."

One can only guess what was in that chest. Some believe that this was a small fraction of the “gold reserves” that disappeared from Kazan. Researcher Ravil Ibragimov calculated that the whites then took 1 billion 100 million rubles from the capital of the republic. The location of this money is still unknown.

Old-timers of Yelabuga say that in February 1918 they saw employees of the Stakheevs drowning something in the city ponds early in the morning. Also values?

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SOURCE OF INFORMATION AND PHOTO:
Team Nomads
National Center for Archaeological Research of the Institute of History. Sh. Marjani AS RT
http://smartnews.ru/regions/kazan/
article by Natalia Fedorova,
information from Leonid Abramov,
http://pro-speleo.ru/
http://www.rg.ru/2009/03/26/reg-volga-ural/zoloto.html
http://www.aferizm.ru/histiry/his_zoloto-Kazani.htm
http://news16.ru/63112
books and articles by V. Kurnosov.

Treasures and finds of Tatarstan.

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