Czech Republic: geographical location, nature, economy. Economic and geographical characteristics of the Czech Republic Geographical position of the Czech Republic according to the plan

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FEDERAL STATE AUTONOMOUS EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

BELGOROD STATE NATIONAL

RESEARCH UNIVERSITY (NRU "BelSU")

FACULTY OF BUSINESS AND SERVICE

DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM AND SOCIO-CULTURAL SERVICE

Economic and geographical characteristics of the Czech Republic

Day students

1 course group 171103

Gaeva Ekaterina Andreevna

Scientific adviser:

Candidate of Geological Sciences, Associate Professor

Komarova M.E

BELGOROD 2012

Introduction

Czech Republic? official name of the Czech Republic. State in Central Europe. It borders with Poland (border length 658 km) in the north, Germany in the northwest and west (border length 646 km), Austria in the south (border length 362 km) and Slovakia in the east (border length 214 km). ). The total length of the border is 1880 km. The territory of the Czech Republic is 78.9 thousand square kilometers. The name of the country comes from the ethnonym of the people - the Czechs. Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic, is a tourist attraction and the largest city in the country. The modern Czech Republic was formed as a result of the collapse of Czechoslovakia (Velvet Divorce).

According to the Constitution, the Czech Republic is a parliamentary republic. The head of state (president) is indirectly elected every five years by parliament. The President is given special powers: to propose judges to the Constitutional Court, to dissolve parliament under certain conditions, to veto laws. He also appoints the prime minister, who sets the direction of domestic and foreign policy, as well as other members of the government cabinet on the proposal of the prime minister. The current president of the Czech Republic is Vaclav Klaus.

Main leading parties:

1) ODS -- Civic Democratic Party;

2) CSSD - Czech Social Democratic Party;

3) KSCM -- Communist Party of the Czech Republic and Moravia;

4) KDU-CSL -- Christian Democratic Union

5) Czechoslovak People's Party;

6) SZ - Green Party;

7) SNK ED -- Association of Independent Candidates

8) European Democrats;

9) CSNS - Czech National Socialist Party;

10) NBS CS - National Bolshevik Party of Czechoslovakia;

11) KC - the Czech Crown - the monarchist party of the Czech Republic, Bohemia and Moravia;

12) TOP 09 -- Tradition Responsibility Prosperity 09;

13) VV - Public affairs.

The Czech Republic consists of the capital and 13 regions:

1) Prague is the capital;

2) Central Bohemian region? authorities are located in Prague;

3) South Bohemian region? České Budějovice;

4) Pilsen region? Pilsen;

5) Karlovy Vary region? Karlovy Vary;

6) Uste region? Usti-nad-Labem;

7) Liberec region? Liberec;

8) Kralove Hradec region? Hradec Kralove;

9) Pardubice Region - Pardubice;

10) Olomouc Region - Olomouc;

11) Moravian-Silesian region - Ostrava;

12) South Moravian Region - Brno;

13) Zlin region - Zlin;

14) Vysočina - Jihlava.

1. General characteristics of the country

1.1 Brief physical and geographical characteristics of the Czech Republic

The country is located in the zone of transition from the Central European maritime climate to the continental East European, i.e. located in the climatically favorable region of the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere. The climate of the Czech Republic is more or less even throughout the country, with warm summers and cold, cloudy and wet winters. The weather in the Czech Republic in summer is quite stable and pleasant, as the mountains surrounding the Czech Republic along the entire perimeter do not allow the penetration of winds. In winter, a sufficient amount of snow falls in the mountains, which allows several ski resorts to operate, both in the south of the Czech Republic and in the north of the country.

Flora of the Czech Republic. About 30% of the territory of the Czech Republic is occupied by forests. In the mountains, coniferous species predominate, namely: spruce (61%) and pine (22%), and on the plains - deciduous forests (maple, beech, ash, oak). Above the forest line are alpine meadows. 12% of the territory of the whole country (9270 sq. km) is occupied by nature reserves, several national parks have also been created. Separately, it is worth mentioning the collection of unusual forms of conifers in the Czech Republic. Natural mutations of common spruces, pines and larches are collected by collectors and propagated by grafting. Thus, amazing miniature trees are obtained.

The diversity of natural conditions is also reflected in the soil cover. Soils are affected by differences in relief, climate and hydrogeology of individual regions. Podzolic and brown forest soils are the most common, chernozem and other soils occupy a smaller area. A significant part of the podzols is covered with forests, and the share of these soils in the fund of agricultural land is much lower than in the total soil cover of the country. On the territory of the Czech Republic there are two relatively significant regions of chernozem soils in the central regions of the country and in Central Moravia. They are widely used under crops of sugar beet, winter wheat and barley. The main part of the country's grain crops is concentrated on burozems. Podzolic soils are mainly used for oats, rye and potatoes, but most of them are occupied by forest vegetation. The Czech Republic is not rich in mineral deposits. The main resources of the Czech Republic, extracted from the bowels of the earth, are brown and hard coal, as well as kaolin - the raw material from which the famous Czech porcelain is made. The healing natural resources of the Czech Republic are very rich. The Czech Republic is sufficiently provided with fresh water. The largest rivers are the Vltava, Elbe, Morava and Dyje. There are also many small lakes and ponds in the country. The Czech Republic is rich in minerals. There are silver mines, salt mines, quarries for the development of deposits of quartz sand, and crystal is being mined. There are many mineral springs on the territory of the country, which favors the development of spa treatment.

1.2 The main stages of the history of the country's development

After World War I, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Subcarpathian Rus united to form the independent Republic of Czechoslovakia in 1918. After World War II, Czechoslovakia fell into the Soviet sphere of influence and became a socialist country (Czechoslovakia). In 1989, Czechoslovakia turned off the path of socialist development as a result of the Velvet Revolution. On January 1, 1993, the country was peacefully divided into two, with the formation of independent Czech Republic and Slovakia ("velvet divorce"). Vaclav Havel remained its president for two terms, until 2003. Vaclav Klaus replaced him in this post. In 1999, the Czech Republic became a member of NATO, and in 2004 joined the European Union Simultaneously with the accession to the EU, the Czech Republic signed the Schengen Agreement, and from December 21, 2007, border control on the land borders of the Czech Republic was abolished. On March 31, 2008, the control was also canceled on flights arriving from the Schengen countries. Since January 1, 2009, the Czech Republic has been the Presidency of the Council of the European Union for 6 months (until June 1, 2009).

The 19th century witnessed the rapid growth of Czech culture and the rise of national consciousness. An important role in this process was played by musicians, artists and writers - composers Bedřich Smetana and Antonin Dvořák, artist Mikolash Alesh, sculptor Josef Myslbek and writer Antonin Irasek, whose works were very popular. The Czech language became the main instrument for the formation of the national idea. Theaters and museums that sprang up throughout the country testified to the role of culture in national life.

The culture of the Czech Republic, like the culture of any other country, is unlike anything else, it is original, individual and simply unique. You can study the cultural features of the Czech Republic by visiting any corner of this wonderful country. Trips to Prague will provide you with an acquaintance with the architecture of the Czech Republic, you will be able to admire the ancient castles, palaces, if, of course, you visit excursions to Prague.

The cultural heritage of the Czech Republic is quite large and well known. Not a small number of preserved architectural monuments. Bizarre architectural structures - bridges of the Czech Republic. In the capital, in addition to the sculptural compositions that all of Prague knows (the monument to Vaclav on horseback is the most striking example), there are many buildings of inestimable historical and cultural significance: the Powder Tower, the Prague Castle, the Petrin Lookout Tower. These names do not exhaust the list of treasures that the Czech Republic is proud of. Krupka is a vast area of historical monuments, which is definitely worth a visit if you find yourself in the old Czech spa resort of Teplice. Rest, which provides for acquaintance with the picturesque corners of the Czech Republic, has been especially popular recently. The Krkonoše Mountains are located in the north-east of the country, covering an area of almost 800 square meters. km. (Translated into Russian, their name is "Giant Mountains"). One of the most popular national parks is located here. In terms of beauty and popularity, the picturesque Jizera Mountains adequately compete with the Giant Mountains. The unique richness of the plant world is adequately represented here. Tourists like to admire mountain landscapes, caves, lakes and waterfalls. Makhovo Lake is located in the Liberec Region - a natural reservoir with picturesque surroundings. Dense forests and rocky massifs, clear lake water, a sandy beach, plus the presence of historical sights in the area make this natural area a favorite vacation spot for many Czechs and tourists from other countries willingly coming here. In the south of the country there is the Moravian Karst - caves famous throughout Europe. There are only about a thousand of them on the territory of the reserves, there are also those that are equipped with amenities for tourists in the form of lighting and paths. Interesting national traditions have been preserved in the Czech Republic. Czechs, especially rural residents, wear national clothes. Czechs love music and still celebrate some traditional holidays. Until now, they have maintained a careful attitude to wedding theatrical performances with ritual dances. A village wedding takes place in a village tavern with the invitation of a large number of guests. Czechs celebrate not only their birthdays, but also their name days. It is a tradition that parents choose their child's name from a list of 400 names. Therefore, every day of the year celebrate the day of one or two names. But the biggest holiday in the Czech Republic is Christmas. But the most fun holiday, probably Shrovetide. In the countryside, it is celebrated by all the villagers together. There are carnival processions. The holiday of the end of harvesting is called Dozhinok. In the south of Moravia, the beginning of autumn fishing is celebrated in numerous ponds, many of which are over 400 years old. Each city and town of the Czech Republic will delight you with an abundance of beers, the national Czech drink, white and red wines, various liquors, and, of course, will pamper you with its unique cuisine.

1.3 Characteristics of the country's population

Today, 10 million 562 thousand people live in the country. National composition: 81.3% of Czechs, 13.7% of the inhabitants of Moravia and Silesia, 5% of other national minorities, of which: Germans 50 thousand people, Gypsies 300 thousand people. and Jews 2 thousand people. Religious composition: atheists 39.8%, Catholics 39.2%, Protestants 4.6%, Orthodox 3%, supporters of other religions 13.4%. The average life expectancy in the Czech Republic is 76.62 years.

Percentage of sexes:

1) at birth: 1.059 men/women;

2) under 15: 1.06 men/women;

3) 15 - 64: 1.01 men/women;

4) 65 and older: 0.66 men/women;

5) Total population: 0.95 male/female

Today in the Czech Republic there are more than 40 higher educational institutions of various organizational and legal forms that train bachelors, masters, engineers and doctors. The latter title is awarded to graduates of medical faculties of universities. All levels of Czech education fall under the International Standards for Classification of Education (ISCED), and fully comply with EU standards. Diplomas of Czech universities are fully recognized in all countries of the world. Education in the Czech Republic is also completely free for foreign citizens. The Czech Republic and Prague are prestige and prospects. Most universities in the Czech Republic can offer their students a high standard of education. Diplomas from the Charles University, the Higher School of Economics in Prague, the Technical University in Ostrava, the Institute of Entrepreneurship in Ostrava, the Masaryk University in Brno, the Hotel Institute and the Banking Institute in Prague and many others are highly rated in the international arena. The international status and recognition of the diploma provides the opportunity to live and work in the countries of the European Union. The modern quality of higher education that meets European standards is ensured by good funding. 6% of GNP goes only to higher education, in addition, Czech universities are well funded by the largest European companies interested in their graduates, which makes it possible to attract teachers from the European Union, organize practices in other countries, exchanges of groups of students. Graduates of Czech universities have the right to apply for permanent residence. Within the framework of such a program, it is not required to prove work experience in the specialty in the Czech Republic. In order to get a chance for permanent residence, it is enough to enter a Czech university and after 4 or 6 years successfully complete it, combining, so to speak, business with pleasure.

1.4 Economic characteristics of the country

The Czech Republic today is an industrially and socially developed state, the economy of which is built on the principles of an open free market.

The level and quality of life in the Czech Republic is one of the highest in the world (14th place in the HDI ranking in 2011). The Czech Republic is one of the most industrialized countries among the states located in Central and Eastern Europe. GDP per capita is $41,800, which is 142% of the average for the European Union (2011). In 2004, the International Monetary Fund recognized the Czech Republic as a developed state of the First World. This is one of the most socially developed countries on earth. In terms of foreign trade per capita, the country is one of the leaders, ahead of such countries as Japan, Great Britain, France, Italy. The Czech Republic is one of the most prosperous post-communist states in Europe. In terms of car production per capita, the Czech Republic is one of the world leaders.

Main industries: automotive, mechanical engineering, iron and steel production, metalworking, chemical products, tourism industry, electricity, water and gas production, electrical engineering, mining, building materials production, transport equipment, construction, woodworking, pulp and paper and printing, textiles , glass, pharmaceuticals, beer, porcelain, ceramics, food industry. The mining industry is insignificant and continues to decline. In 2011, the Czech Republic produced 15.7 million heca liters of beer. Czech agriculture has a long tradition, despite the fact that the Czech Republic is a powerful industrial country. Due to climatic conditions, many types of vegetables, fruits and livestock are grown in the country. Among the traditional agricultural products of agricultural production, one can single out grain, potatoes, sugar beet, grapes (table and wine varieties), fruits.

Key economic indicators of the Czech Republic in 2011:

1) GDP growth - 1.2%;

2) Inflation 1.9%;

3) Average salary 24089 CZK;

4) Unemployment 8.6%;

5) Unemployment in Prague 4.05%;

8) The main lending rate of the Central Bank is 0.75%;

9) Price of petrol Natural 95: 34.8 CZK;

10) State budget deficit - 120 billion CZK.

1.5 Characteristics of the main regions of the country

The Czech lands are divided into three historical regions: the Czech Republic, Moravia and Silesia with the regional centers of Prague, Brno and Ostrava.

Central Czech region? the largest region of the Czech Republic with its administrative center in Prague. Prague is the heart of the Czech Republic and Europe. It is one of the most beautiful and impressive cities in the world, which is constantly growing, developing, getting richer and is currently ranked fifth in the list of the richest regions in the EU. Prague accounts for a quarter of the Czech Republic's GDP and half of the country's foreign direct investment. Highly developed industrial area, with intensive agriculture. The region accounts for 10.9% of industrial production in Czechoslovakia. Coal mining in Kladnensky bass. (3.2 million tons in 1961), iron and polymetallic ore Cascade HPP on the river. Vltava. Mechanical engineering, chemical, food (especially sugar) industries are developed. Agriculture combines sugar beet and grain crop farming and meat and dairy farming.

Vegetable growing and horticulture, hop-growing for 3 regions. Prague ranks seventh in the list of the most visited cities in Europe, fourth in terms of quality and price of hotel services and fifth in the list of the most popular Christmas tours. It boasts a unique architecture, a huge number of theaters, concert and exhibition halls, museums, galleries, cinemas. Since 1992, the historical center of Prague with a total area of 866 hectares has been included in the UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage List. The list of architectural monuments is headed by the Prague Castle towering above the city center, the historical core of the city stretches along both banks of the Vltava River. Thanks to close ties with the capital, huge economic potential and a dense transport network, the Central Bohemian region is considered one of the most important regions in the country. It can be proud of its rich history and a huge number of cultural monuments, the highest concentration of which is in the city of Kutná Hora, the historical center of which is listed by UNESCO. The unusually diverse landscape of Central Bohemia offers tourists a number of natural masterpieces. From the point of view of natural objects, the most valuable is the Křivoklát region - since 1977 a UNESCO biosphere reserve. The most picturesque area is the Kokorzha region, the Czech Karst, Blanik and surrounding areas, as well as the Czech Paradise are no less good.

Moravia is known as a fertile region covered with vineyards, a land of vibrant folk traditions, friendly people, delightful nature and rich history. Its territory is occupied mainly by hills, hills and low mountain ranges. The center of Moravia - the city of Brno, the second largest city in the Czech Republic, is an important center of trade, where large fairs are held. Approximately 50 different industry fairs are held annually in the city. The city is also a scientific center, it houses a number of scientific institutions and research institutes. Agriculture has a long tradition. Grain, sugar beets, grapes and fruits are grown on 60% of the region's area. The region's gross national product is the second largest in the Czech Republic. At the same time, the processing industry and agriculture have the largest share in the economy. International economic cooperation is developing in the Pomoravi Euroregion, which includes the Weinviertel, South Moravia and Western Slovakia.

Silesia is a historical region in Central Europe. Most of Silesia is part of Poland, smaller ones are in the Czech Republic and Germany. Main city? is the city of Ostrava. Compared to many other regions of the Czech Republic, Silesia is less developed in terms of tourism, but there are sights worth seeing here. On the territory of Silesia, as well as in Bohemia and Moravia, medieval architectural structures - fortresses and castles - are well preserved. In Ostrava you can see the Church of St. Wenceslas of the 14th century, the Neo-Renaissance Basilica of the Savior of the Lord, the New Town Hall, in Hrabove the Church of St. Catherine, 16th century. The Ostrava Zoo also deserves special attention, famous for its rare specimens of animals and often taking part in many European EEP programs. On the territory of Czech Silesia there is a large part of the modern Moravian-Silesian Region and, in the far west, a small part of the Olomouc Region with the surroundings of the city of Jesenik.

2. Characteristics of tourist resources

Tourism in the Czech Republic? one of the main sectors of the Czech economy. The Czech Republic, as a country rich in historical and natural attractions and known for its cuisine and natural spas, attracts tourists from many countries of the world.

In the south of the Czech Republic there are 7,500 ponds, the famous Lipėna dam and the Orlik dam, lakes in the mountains of the Czech Forest. There are ample opportunities for fishing and hunting, and winter sports enthusiasts stay in the sports centers of Šumava. The attractive force of this tourist area is complemented by numerous castles and fortresses (including the huge castle of R. Český Krumlov), the center of the Hussite movement in Tabora, the Boubinska Forest in the Czech Forest, as well as the brewery in České Budějovice, where the famous beer "Budvar".

East Bohemian region? this is a tourist area that includes the mountainous region of the Krkonoše (the international winter center Spindlerov Mlyn is located here) and Orlickie. Here is the famous resort of Janske Lazne, "Czech Paradise" with picturesque rocks and romantic castles and other natural objects. In addition to picturesque nature, the region attracts with the architecture of Hradec Kralove (Cathedral of the Holy Spirit, the White Tower, etc.), places associated with the life of J. Hasek and the hero of his work - Švejk. Many tourists come during the fun festivals "Hashek's Lipnitsky Days" to the village of Lipnitsa, where the museum of this writer is located.

In the North Moravian Region, industrial tourism occupies a large place, since there are numerous and diverse industrial enterprises of Silesia, including the “industrial heart of the region” ? city of Ostrava. The recreational resources of the zone are concentrated in the Jesenikov and Beskydov ridges, where geological engineering surveys are carried out. Many are attracted by the city of Olomouc, where several architectural styles are mixed. The South Moravian region thanks to the healing springs of the Luhačevice resort, as well as the location here of the second city of the Czech Republic after Prague - Brno and the karst caves located near it, the fortresses of Veverdzhi and Pergdtein, a monument in Austerlitz (now Slavkov), the "pearl of the zone" to the town of Lednice with a castle and high minaret and other objects has become one of the most popular areas for foreign tourism in the Czech Republic. Of particular importance in attracting foreigners to this area is the holding of traditional international engineering fairs in Brno.

The main types of tourism in the Czech Republic:

1) Excursion. The main type of tourism in the Czech Republic is excursions. Fortunately, there is no shortage of historical heritage. The most popular tourist sites are architectural monuments. At the same time, it is difficult to find a tour that would provide a pure view of castles and other architectural sights. An indispensable attribute of sightseeing tours is beer tasting and acquaintance with Czech cuisine. Very popular are visits to breweries and Jan Becher's factory in Karlovy Vary, where the drink of the same name, Karlovy Vary Becherovka, is produced.

2) Wellness. Quite often, tours are offered study trips to the medical resorts of the Czech Republic. As a rule - in Karlovy Vary. And those who have decided to seriously improve their health can purchase a full-fledged voucher for treatment at one of the specialized resorts.

3) Winter holidays. Winter holidays in the Czech Republic are gaining more and more popularity. Ski resorts in the country are distinguished by constant weather and rather modest prices, in comparison with alpine competitors. At the same time, the level of service is constantly growing. The most popular places for winter recreation are Spindlerov Mlyn, Harrachov, Pec pod Snezhkou.

4) Beach vacation. Less popular in the Czech Republic is recreation on the lakes. Although for a change it makes sense to remember about him.

The Czech tourist accommodation fund includes about 275,000 rooms that can accommodate 525,000 tourists at the same time. For the benefit of the serving hotel service, about 90% of the employees of the entire hotel industry in the country work. Tourists prefer traveling to the Czech Republic for several reasons. Firstly, there really is something to see here, secondly, air tickets will not hit your pocket hard, and thirdly, a developed European-level tourist service is able to satisfy even the most selective tourists. The Czech Republic offers accommodation in ordinary hotels, castle hotels, hotels on lakes, specialized resort hotels, as well as motels and private accommodation. Today, almost all hotels in the Czech Republic have switched from letter classification to a distinction by the number of stars. Ample accommodation options allow you to rent an apartment or settle in one of the capital's hotels - cruise liners converted into hotels. The most famous and largest hotel chain in the Czech Republic is Orea Hotels, which consists of 25 hotels of 2*-5* category. Hotels such as Interhotel Voronez, Excelsior, Panorama, Ambassador and Club Hotel Praha are included in the prestigious international system Top International Hotels. The Czech Republic is positioned abroad with the help of five main tourist themes:

1) The charm of castles, castles and sights;

2) Healthy and active rest;

3) Zlata Prague (in three senses: historical, cultural and for youth);

4) Resorts: a place for recreation and entertainment;

5) Church monuments and places of pilgrimage.

Most of all Germans (2 million), Slovaks, British, Japanese, Russians come to the Czech Republic.

Modern people living in big cities are daily exposed to stress, unfavorable environmental conditions, as well as unbalanced nutrition. Various modern drugs and vitamins do not give the desired effect, which leads to the development of various diseases and aging of the body. For the prevention and treatment of diseases, spa treatment is recommended in various countries of the world. Wellness vacation is a comprehensive assistance for those who wish to improve their health, get medical advice from world-class specialists, relax, lose weight and change their appearance at mineral resorts and thalassotherapy centers. The development of medical tourism is very significant, since this type plays a huge role in tourism, it is constantly being improved and occupies one of the leading positions in tourism. Now it is very fashionable to lead a healthy lifestyle and more and more people are striving for this. All over the world there are many resources contributing to the development of health tourism, in connection with this, a large number of new methods of treatment are being developed.

education life tourism czech republic

Conclusion

The Czech Republic is one of the industrialized countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The Czech industry produces about 0.3% of the world's gross output of a fairly high level. The Czech Republic ranks 38th in the global economic competitiveness ranking, being a member of more than 60 international economic and financial organizations. The Czech economy is one of the most stable and successfully reformed economies among the former socialist countries. Its basis is such industries as general engineering, automotive industry, ferrous metallurgy, electrical engineering and electronics, chemistry and petrochemistry, agriculture and food industry, glass production, pharmaceuticals, textile production, as well as the service sector. The Czech Republic is one of the major world and European exporters of engineering products and, in particular, the top five world manufacturers of passenger cars per capita. The most important contribution to the development of the Czech economy is made by foreign trade in goods and services. The share of the Czech Republic in world foreign trade is: for export - 0.5%, for import - 0.6%. In 2010, the main trading partners of the Czech Republic were the EU countries, which accounted for 73.7% of the country's foreign trade turnover, China (6.5%), the CIS countries (6.3%), including Russia (4.2%). According to the Czech Statistical Office, the foreign trade turnover of the Czech Republic in 2011 increased by 20.8% and amounted to 313.6 billion US dollars. Czech exports grew by 21.9% to $162.2 billion, while Czech imports grew by 19.6% to $151.4 billion. It should be noted that the growth rates of the Czech Republic's foreign trade with the countries of the world in national currency are somewhat different due to the difference in the average annual exchange rate of the Czech crown against the US dollar.

Among European countries, the Czech Republic has become quite popular for international tourism, and this turning point in the country's tourism has occurred precisely in the last few decades. The country is perfect for those tourists who prefer a relaxing holiday, with sightseeing, with interesting and informative excursion programs. The Czech Republic also offers recreation for lovers of noisy parties - for this, the Czech Republic has analogues of English pubs, where interesting entertainment programs are constantly held. The country hosts various festivals reminiscent of the German Beer Festival, as well as music and traditional festivals. Despite the fact that there is something to see in the Czech Republic, most tourists, nevertheless, first of all tend to visit Prague - the capital of the Czech Republic, where there is everything for a full and memorable vacation. The Czech Republic is open for international tourism all year round, and the flow of tourists in this country never dries up. Individual travelers, families with children, friends in cheerful companies, as well as lovers and connoisseurs of history, architecture and art come here. Culture lovers in the Czech Republic have something to look at, since in all major cities of the country there are museums of fine art of different years, ranging from medieval art to modern times. If you prefer outdoor recreation, you should definitely visit the small towns and villages of the Czech Republic, which have retained their original appearance and still delight with the original architecture and tranquility of those tourists who prefer a secluded and relaxing holiday to everything in the world.

List of sources used

1. Bulatova A.S. World economy [Text]: Textbook // Moscow, 2002, 734 p.

2. Kireev A.P. International Economics [Text]: Proc. allowance for universities // Moscow, 1997

3. Kolosov V. A. Geopolitics and political geography [Text]: A textbook for university students// Moscow, 2005, 479 p.

4. Kopytina M.O. Czech Republic: trade and economic relations in the second half of the 90s [Text]: Foreign trade, 2001, pp. 27-33.

5. Lopatnikov D.L. Economic geography and regional studies [Text]: Uch. Manual // Moscow, 2004, 224 p.

6. Faminsky I.P. International economic relations [Text]: Textbook // Moscow, 2001, 847 p.

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resort natural condition czech republic

Historically located at the crossroads of numerous trade and economic routes, in the middle of the "European home", having a high degree of territorial contact (more than half of the European states are the closest neighbors for the Czech Republic), the Czech Republic had great opportunities to transfer the advanced achievements of science and technology, culture to its soil production, progressive forms of labor organization, methods of training qualified personnel.

This allowed the country, even before the Second World War, to firmly enter the top ten industrialized countries of the world, to achieve a fairly high standard of living for the population.

The Czech Republic is located on the Bohemian plateau, stretching across the country from west to east. The western part of the country is framed on three sides by mountain ridges bordering the Bohemian massif. The Beskydy mountain group is located in North Moravia. The picturesque, not autumn high Bohemian-Moravian Upland separates the Czech Republic from Moravia.

Czech massif - heavily destroyed medium-altitude mountains, composed mainly of hard crystalline rocks. Their elevated edges, almost coinciding with the state border of the country, only in some places exceed 1000 meters: in the northeast - these are the Jizera Mountains and the Krkonoše, in the northwest - the Ore Mountains, in the southwest - the Czech Forest and Šumava. In the east and southeast, the Bohemian massif is limited by the low (up to 800 meters) hilly Bohemian-Moravian Upland, which is distinguished by fertile soils.

Jizera mountains

Jizera mountains- This is a vast mountain range up to 1100 meters high. Large tall forests, crystal clear streams with a sandy bottom, peat bogs with small lakes and an abundance of game - all this is characteristic of the described area.

In South Bohemia, Šumava stretches - a wide belt of low mountains with picturesque glacial lakes. The mountains are mainly composed of gneisses and granites. There are many peat bogs in the valleys, where numerous streams and rivers originate, in particular the Vltava River. Spruce and fir dominate in the forests covering the slopes of the Šumava. They are rich in animals, game and wild berries, in particular blueberries and strawberries, which are even exported. In mountainous areas, one of the main occupations of the population has long been the harvesting and rafting of timber. On the basis of significant timber reserves, a woodworking industry, as well as large-scale paper production, has developed in Šumava.

The Czech Republic is a country located inside the European continent. Such an economic and geographical position of the state, on the one hand, gives many advantages for the development of mutually beneficial cooperation with neighboring countries, and on the other hand, it also has negative consequences, since the country is cut off from the oceans and has no access to any of the seas.

Until 1993, when Czechoslovakia was divided into two sovereign states, the country's policy and its economic potential were aimed at strengthening the socialist camp. The main partners of the Czech Republic were the socialist countries of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. After the collapse of the socialist camp, the Czech government took a new political course and made the main bet on the development of bilateral relations with the countries of Western Europe and on attracting foreign investment into the Czech economy (mainly Germany, France and Italy). The Czech Republic is a member of many international organizations - the United Nations (UN), the European Council (EU), NATO.

The Czech Republic is a country of diverse and picturesque landscapes. The plains here are interspersed with hills, open spaces - with forests, the whole country seems to be woven with countless threads of rivers and streams. The outlying mountain ranges of the western part of the country beckon with their wild beauty.

The Czech Republic has good natural conditions and natural resources for the development of agriculture and industry, as well as for the development of tourism.

The climate of the Czech Republic is determined by the geographical position of the country and is formed mainly under the influence of air masses moving from the Atlantic Ocean. The climate of the Czech Republic is generally temperate continental, with distinct seasons. Due to the predominance of mountainous and hilly relief, local air circulation is of great importance. The relief here affects the temperature regime and the spatial distribution of precipitation. Since the Czech Republic is elongated in latitude, the climatic differences of its individual regions are determined not by the difference between north and south, but between west and east.

The average annual temperature is plus 8-10 C. For most of the territory, a non-cold winter is typical with average temperatures of the coldest month (January) from -2 ° C to -4 ° C. Occasionally in winter, the average daily air temperature drops to -20 ° C, which is due with intrusions of cold arctic air. Thaws are frequent, especially in the west of the country. The range of temperature differences in summer is greater, since continentality, growing eastward, has a stronger effect, the average temperature in July is about +19 ° C. In the mountains, summer is cooler - +8 ° -13 ° C. Mild, pleasant weather occurs in spring, from the second half of May , and in autumn, until mid-October.

The amount of precipitation in various regions of the Czech Republic ranges from 450 to 2000 mm per year. The predominant part of the territory of the republic receives 600-800 mm of precipitation per year, i.e. their total number is quite sufficient for the needs of agriculture. About 20% of them fall in the form of snow. The greatest amount of precipitation is characteristic of the windward slopes of high mountains. There are very few dry areas in the country. Large forest areas, meadows, numerous reservoirs and reservoirs help retain moisture in the soil. Of decisive importance is the seasonal distribution of precipitation. The presence of a summer maximum (about 40% of all precipitation in June-August) is a favorable factor for agriculture.

The soil

On the territory of the Czech Republic there are two relatively significant regions of chernozem soils in the central regions of the country and in Central Moravia. They are widely used under crops of sugar beet, winter wheat and barley. The main part of the country's grain crops is concentrated on burozems. Podzolic soils are mainly used for oats, rye and potatoes, but a large part of them is occupied by forest vegetation.

Vegetable world

The Czech Republic is one of the most forested countries in Europe. About 60% of the total forest area is occupied by coniferous trees, one fifth each is deciduous and mixed forests. Coniferous forests consist mainly of pine and spruce, while deciduous forests consist mainly of beech and oak. On the basis of significant timber reserves in the country, a woodworking industry, as well as a large-scale pulp and paper production, has developed. The forests of the Czech Republic are rich in animals, game, mushrooms and berries.

Animal world

The fauna of the Czech Republic is relatively poor. Foxes, squirrels, deer, brown bears are found in the forests, as well as beavers, pheasants and hares. There are many nature reserves in the Czech Republic - they occupy about 12% of the country's territory, 3 national parks have been created.

Minerals

The forest is not the only natural wealth of the Czech Republic. Among the natural resources, fuel resources, primarily hard and brown coal, are of the greatest importance for the national economy. The total reserves of hard coal are estimated at 13 billion tons. The main and largest mining area is the Ostrava-Karvinsky basin. Coal deposits are also found near the cities of Kladno, Pilsen and Brno. The Ostrava-Karvina basin sharply surpasses the rest in terms of coal quality: coking coal accounts for about 70% of the reserves there, and there is little sulfur in them, which is very important for the quality of metallurgical coke.

The reserves of brown coal are also quite large. The largest lignite basin in the country is the North Bohemian, which accounts for about two thirds of the total amount of reserves. The Czech Republic is dominated by deposits with a high spatial concentration of reserves, most of which can be developed by cheaper open-pit mining.

Resources of metal ores are insignificant, and the best deposits are largely depleted. Poor phosphorous iron ores with a metal content of less than 30% predominate.

The largest deposits of non-ferrous and rare metals are in the Ore Mountains. The Czech Republic is very rich in non-metallic minerals: magnesite, graphite, and especially kaolin, occurring in the region of Karlovy Vary and Pilsen.

The country is replete with mineral water springs remarkable for their healing properties, in the areas where world-famous resorts arose: Karlovy Vary, Marianske Lazne, Frantiskovy Lazne.

Rivers, lakes of the Czech Republic

Of the rivers of the Czech Republic, the largest are the Vltava and Laba, which carry their waters to the North Sea. The position of the Czech Republic on the main European watershed of the northern and southern seas and the shallow depth of the country's territory led to the small length of the Czech rivers and the insufficient amount of water in them. The economic importance of Czech rivers is drastically reduced due to the fact that their already low water discharges are subject to very strong annual and seasonal fluctuations, which leads to an acute problem of water supply in a number of regions of the country in autumn. That is why river flow regulation is so important, not only for water supply needs, but also for navigation and electricity generation.

The Czech Republic is famous for its artificial fish ponds, many of which were created in the 15th-16th centuries. Only in South Bohemia there are about 5 thousand ponds, the area of which is approximately 20 thousand hectares.

There are not many countries in the world in which, like the Czech Republic, there are picturesque mountains, and charming valleys squeezed between them, and dense forests, and gurgling mud hills, in small craters of which healing water boils.

Let's take a look at some of the world's most famous resorts in the Czech Republic.

Moscow

Southern Administrative District

Secondary school No. 939

ABSTRACT

in geography on the topic

Czech Republic

Introduction…………………………………………………3

Administrative and state

device of the Czech Republic…………………………………………………4

From the history of the Czech Republic……………………5

Economic-geographical and political-geographical position of the Czech Republic ...... 6

Natural conditions and natural resources of the Czech Republic……………………………………………………8

Population of the Czech Republic……………………………15

Culture of the peoples of the Czech Republic………………………16

General characteristics of the national economy of the Czech Republic…………………18

Foreign economic relations of the Czech Republic

Republics……………………………………22

Prague is the capital of the Czech Republic…………………24

Literature…………………………………………26

INTRODUCTION

The Czech Republic (CR) is located in the center of Europe on a relatively small area - about 79 thousand square kilometers. and is one of the developed, industrial countries of the world. The Czech Republic shares borders with Germany, Slovakia, Austria and Poland. The population of the Czech Republic is 10.3 million people. The official language is Czech. The monetary unit is the Czech crown.

The capital of the state is the city of Prague. The largest cities in the Czech Republic are Brno, Ostrava, Pilsen, Usti-nad-Labem, Hradec Kralove.

The Czech Republic is often called the heart of the European continent. Travelers between Pilsen and Cheb are proudly shown a granite obelisk with the inscription "Center of Europe". The country seems to be created for tourism. There are 2500 ancient castles and towns in the Czech Republic. No, it seems that there is such an architectural style that would not be represented in the Czech Republic - Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Czech Baroque ...

Administrative and state structure of the Czech Republic

In administrative-territorial terms, the Czech Republic is divided into seven regions: North Bohemia, East Bohemia, West Bohemia, Central Bohemia, South Bohemia, North Moravian and South Moravian.

Czech Republic is a republic. The Constitution of the Czech Republic was adopted by the National Council of the Czech Republic in December 1992. The head of state is the president, who is elected by the country's parliament for a term of five years. Vaclav Havel has been elected President of the Czech Republic for a second term. Legislative power in the country belongs to the Parliament, which consists of two chambers - the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. The government is the highest executive body.

The main political parties in the country are:

Civic Democratic Party. The main principles of her program are parliamentary democracy, a market economy with strong private ownership;

Communist Party of Czech Republic and Moravia - arose in 1990 after the collapse of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia:

Christian Democratic Union - belongs to the center-right parties;

Civic Democratic Alliance - emerged in 1989 and considers itself a supporter of Western conservatism and the principles of economic liberalism;

Czechoslovak Social Democratic Party- a center-left party, adheres to the traditions of the Czechoslovak and foreign social democratic movement;

Republican Party- emerged in 1989, is considered a radical right-wing party, its program is populist-anarchist;

agricultural party- defends the interests of farmers and villagers;

Society of Moravia and Silesia- stands for self-governing Moravia and Silesia.

In total, more than 80 parties and movements and more than 200 youth organizations are registered in the Czech Republic. The largest trade union association in the Czech Republic is the Czech-Moravian Chamber of Trade Unions, which includes more than 40 branch trade unions.

From the history of the Czech Republic

The territory of the Czech Republic has been inhabited since ancient times. The Czech lands were once inhabited by the Celtic Boi tribe, which is why it was called the “land of the Boi” – Bohemia. At the beginning of our era, Germanic tribes invaded the country from the north. They moved further south, and the Czech lands fell into the sphere of interests of the Roman Empire, which built during the reign of Emperor Trajan (98-117) the well-known "Roman Wall" - a powerful line of fortifications, the northern bastions of which were located in Musov (South Moravia).

It is here, in connection with the significant development of agriculture, as well as crafts, that the first Czech cities are formed. Already in the 8th century, the region of South Moravia, where the unification of the tribes took place much faster than in the isolated mountains of western Bohemia, was significantly strengthened economically. Agriculture flourished, the extraction of iron ore increased, covering the country's need for raw materials for the production of tools and weapons, and there was a lively trade with neighboring states.

Gradually, the center of historical development began to move to the western regions of the Czech Republic, most of whose territory was owned by the Czech tribe, who settled in the middle part of the country and relied on a number of powerful fortress cities, of which Prague was the youngest.

The Principality of Prague, formed in the 10th century, became the core of the early feudal Czech state. Since the 16th century, the Czech lands have been under the rule of the Austrian Habsburg dynasty. With the defeat of the anti-Habsburg uprising at the White Mountain in 1620, the Czech lands completely lost their independence. Since 1918, after the collapse of Austria-Hungary, the National Council in Prague announced the creation of an independent Czechoslovak state, which included the Czech Republic and Slovakia.

According to the Munich agreement in 1938, Nazi Germany captured Western Bohemia (the Sudetenland). In March 1939, all Czech lands were occupied by fascist troops and declared a "protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia". The popular uprising of 1945 and the successful actions of the Soviet Army led to the defeat of the invaders.

After the Second World War, the territorial integrity of Czechoslovakia was restored, the Czech and Slovak lands became part of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. Since February 1948, after the Communist Party came to power, the country's entry onto the path of socialist construction was proclaimed. At the end of the 1960s, the process of renewing socialism through its democratization began, which was called the "Prague Spring", which was interrupted in August 1968 after the deployment of troops from five Warsaw Pact countries. As a result of an acute socio-political crisis in November 1989, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia was removed from power. At the parliamentary and municipal elections held in 1990, new political forces received the support of voters and began to dismantle the old socio-political system.

In December 1992, the Federal Assembly of Czechoslovakia adopted a law on the division of the federation, and on January 1, 1993, the Czech Republic was proclaimed an independent, sovereign and independent state.

Economic-geographical and political-geographical position of the Czech Republic

This allowed the country, even before the Second World War, to firmly enter the top ten industrialized countries of the world, to achieve a fairly high standard of living for the population.

The Czech massif is a heavily destroyed medium-altitude mountains, composed mainly of hard crystalline rocks. Their elevated edges, almost coinciding with the state border of the country, only in some places exceed 1000 meters: in the northeast - these are the Jizera Mountains and the Krkonoše, in the northwest - the Ore Mountains, in the southwest - the Czech Forest and Šumava. In the east and southeast, the Bohemian massif is limited by the low (up to 800 meters) hilly Bohemian-Moravian Upland, which is distinguished by fertile soils.

The Jizera Mountains are a vast mountain range up to 1100 meters high. Large tall forests, crystal clear streams with a sandy bottom, peat bogs with small lakes and an abundance of game - all this is characteristic of the described area.

In South Bohemia, the Šumava stretches - a wide belt of low mountains with picturesque glacial lakes. The mountains are mainly composed of gneisses and granites. There are many peat bogs in the valleys, where numerous streams and rivers originate, in particular the Vltava River. Spruce and fir dominate in the forests covering the slopes of the Šumava. They are rich in animals, game and wild berries, in particular blueberries and strawberries, which are even exported. In mountainous areas, one of the main occupations of the population has long been the harvesting and rafting of timber. On the basis of significant timber reserves, a woodworking industry, as well as large-scale paper production, has developed in Šumava.

The Czech Republic is a country located within the European continent. Such an economic and geographical position of the state, on the one hand, gives many advantages for the development of mutually beneficial cooperation with neighboring countries, and on the other hand, it also has negative consequences, since the country is cut off from the oceans and has no access to any of the seas.

Natural conditions and natural resources of the Czech Republic

The Czech Republic has good natural conditions and natural resources for the development of agriculture and industry, as well as for the development of tourism.

The average annual temperature is plus 8-10 C. A non-cold winter is typical for most of the territory with average temperatures of the coldest month (January) from -2 C to -4 C. Occasionally in winter, the average daily air temperature drops to -20 C, which is associated with cold arctic air. Thaws are frequent, especially in the west of the country. The range of temperature differences in summer is greater, since continentality, which grows eastward, has a stronger effect, the average July temperature is about +19 C. In the mountains, summer is cooler - +8-13 C. Mild, pleasant weather happens in spring, from the second half of May, and in autumn until mid-October.

The forest is not the only natural wealth of the Czech Republic. Among the natural resources, fuel resources, primarily hard and brown coal, are of the greatest importance for the national economy. The total reserves of hard coal are estimated at 13 billion tons. The main and largest production area is the Ostrava-Karvinsky basin. Coal deposits are also found near the cities of Kladno, Pilsen and Brno. The Ostrava-Karvina basin sharply surpasses the rest in terms of coal quality: coking coal accounts for about 70% of the reserves there, and there is little sulfur in them, which is very important for the quality of metallurgical coke.

Resources of metal ores are insignificant, and the best deposits are largely depleted. Poor phosphorous iron ores with a metal content of less than 30% predominate.

The country is replete with mineral water springs remarkable for their healing properties, in the areas where world-famous resorts arose: Karlovy Vary, Marianske Lazne, Frantiskovy Lazne.

The Czech Republic is a country that is literally created for tourism. No wonder the income from foreign tourism in the country in 1993 amounted to about 1.3 billion US dollars.

Let's take a look at some of the world's most famous resorts in the Czech Republic.

Karlovy Vary- a resort famous for the treatment of diseases of the liver, gallbladder and stomach. In 1999, the resort celebrated its 640th anniversary of its founding. But long before 1359, the resort was known and enjoyed wide fame, as evidenced by archaeological finds in the surrounding area.

Marianske Lazne- along with Karlovy Vary, it is the second city in the spa triangle of Western Bohemia. Marianske Lazne is the most important resort for the treatment of internal, skin and nervous diseases.

Frantiskovy Lazne is the third town in the spa district of Western Bohemia. There are 24 healing springs on the territory of Frantiskovy Lazne, complementing the large deposits of mineralized mud. Of the mineral waters, the Glauber IV spring is especially famous.

Giant Mountains in the north and Eagle Mountains in the east of the country - favorite vacation spots. There is a well-known tourism center called "Czech Paradise" and a state reserve. For the "Czech Paradise" are typical numerous ruins of medieval castles, clinging to the ledges of rocks, bizarre labyrinths formed by the weathering of sandstone rocks, overgrown with dense pine forests. In the "Czech Paradise" there is a corner of nature of rare beauty - the Prachov Rocks with wild stone heaps of bizarre shapes and outlines. Hiking trails are laid in the gaps and on rocky ledges. Rock climbing competitions are often held in these places, as it is difficult to find a more suitable place for practicing this sport. The natural diversity and picturesque landscapes create ideal conditions for walking and long hikes in Krnonoše, especially in winter on skis. Here are such well-known centers of mountain tourism as Harrachov, Spindler Mlyn, Janske Lazne, etc. All these places are distinguished by the fact that they lie at an altitude of 650-700 m in closed basins, well protected from the vagaries of the weather, among forests.

Rough Jesenik- located in northern Moravia. The tops of the mountains in this area rise above the forests. The highest of them, Praded, reaches 1492 meters. Visitors to the Jesenik most appreciate the dense coniferous forests, which in some places turn into a virgin forest, preserved in its original form. Under the influence of these forests, nature has created such climatic conditions here that one after another, at a short distance from each other, four spas were opened: Karlova Studanka, Lazne Jesenik, Dolni Lipova and Velké Losiny.

In addition to medical and mountain resorts in the Czech Republic, karst areas with extensive caves are very famous and popular with tourists. Artificial lighting especially emphasizes the beauty and colorfulness of the stalactite and stalagmite decorations of the lakes. In the Czech Republic, the most famous caves are called Moravian beauty.

25 kilometers from Brno stretches a vast area of forests. Here, on an area of 100 sq. kilometers, for thousands of years, natural underground caves, entire halls and lakes of extraordinary beauty and size were created. The very road to the hotel "Skalni Mlyn" - the entrance gate to the caves - is very romantic, as the narrow highway seems to cut between steep, forested walls of rocks. The highway leads along the river Punkva, suddenly disappearing underground. Where, in what places and underground roads it flows is unknown, but it appears already at the failure of Macokha, 138 meters deep, and from there again continues its underground journey and again finally flows to the surface. Exemplarily maintained entrance to the caves, comfortable paths between stalagmite forests and colored lakes, a walk along the bottom of the failure, entertaining boating on underground lakes, the most remarkable formations of stalactites and stalagmites illuminated by reflectors, creating the impression of lace, waterfalls, trees and figures - all this gives tourists the opportunity to look closely into the workshop of nature and realize its boundless richness of forms and colors.

Of particular interest to tourists is the rich history of the country and the places associated with it.

In addition to a huge number of monuments from primitive times, testifying to the aspirations for fine arts in ancient times, based on the documents of the historical era preserved in the Czech Republic, one can trace the development of architecture, sculpture, painting and other types of artistic creativity for a whole millennium to the smallest detail. If some cities of the Czech Republic are considered cities-museums, then the entire Czech Republic can rightfully be said that its territory is a kind of huge art exhibition. Despite the fact that in the past the territory of the country was many times subjected to the destructive power of military rampages, here, as if on islands of peace and tranquility, a true reserve of art has been preserved. There are many well-preserved monuments of architectural art in the Czech Republic. First of all, these are rotundas, round church buildings, the development of which ended with an independent architectonic type. Although only a small part of the Prague Cathedral of St. Vita, but other rotundas still stand in different places in the Czech Republic and Moravia. The most remarkable artistically is the rotunda in Znojmo, as it contains paintings from the 12th century. The mural depicts kings from the Přemyslid family and a legend about how the plowman Přemysl was called to the princely throne.

One of the characteristic features of the Czech Republic is a large number of castles and palaces, which make up an essential part of the entire wealth of ancient monuments. They can be found at almost every turn. Indeed, in the Czech Republic there is almost not a single hill, not a single rock, on which there would be no castle or at least its ruins; one can hardly find a village without a large or small castle. Not only are there an unusually large number of them, but the most famous of them are also of great historical and artistic significance.

The most famous architectural monuments are:

church of st. Bartholomew built in the 13th century and the town hall (16th century) in Pilsen;

Gothic churches of the 13th century in Uste nad Laboi;

church of st. Mary and the episcopal palace in Ceske Budejovice;

the old town (XIV century) in Hradec Kralove;

church (XIII century) and old town (XIV century) in Pardubice;

cathedral of st. St. Peter and Paul (XV century) and the town hall (XVI century) in Brno;

cathedral of st. Wenceslas (XII century), the Archbishop's Palace, a quarter of Baroque mansions in Olomouc;

old town of the 13th century, Charles Bridge with figures of saints, Hradcany Castle, St. Witt in Prague.

Population of the Czech Republic

The population of the Czech Republic is 10.3 million people. Of these, Czechs - 94.4%, Slovaks - 3.8%, Poles - 0.7%, Germans - 0.5% and other nationalities - 0.6%.

The majority of the country's population is Catholic. There are also many other Christian communities of other denominations, the largest of which is the Hussite church.

In the 1970s, there was a demographic problem in the country. The age structure of the population was less favorable than in neighboring states. The country was short of workers. Therefore, the government of the state carried out a number of major measures to stimulate the birth rate, which gave a positive result. In terms of population density, the Czech Republic occupies one of the first places among the former European socialist countries - about 130 people per 1 sq. km. kilometer. But even more striking contrasts are hidden behind the average data for the country if we take industrial areas (500 or more people per 1 sq. km) and sparsely populated mountainous areas (less than 20 people per 1 sq. km).

The urban population of the Czech Republic is more than 65% of its total. The largest cities in terms of the number of residents living in them are: Prague - 1.2 million inhabitants, Brno - 390 thousand people; Ostrava - 330 thousand people; Pilsen - 175 thousand people; Usti nad Labem - 106 thousand people; Olomouc - 106 thousand people; Liberec - 104 thousand people Mostly cities with a population of 20-50 thousand people predominate. Small sizes are also characteristic of rural settlements in the Czech Republic, where villages with 150-250 inhabitants are still typical.

Culture of the peoples of the Czech Republic

The peoples of the Czech Republic have created a rich and unique national culture over the centuries. These are ancient architecture and modern architecture, traditional art of folk craftsmen, folklore, folk dances, customs, norms of behavior. It is also the culture of everyday life, and above all material culture - the layout of rural dwellings and entire settlements, folk costumes and food.

The originality of individual regions is so significant that, taking into account the linguistic features - dialects, experts rightfully define them as different ethnographic areas. In the Czech Republic, such areas are Chodsko, located on the southwestern border of the country with a center in Domazhlice, Blata - in South Bohemia, near the town of Sobeslav, Horacko - in Moravia, Ganacko with a center in Olomouc, Wallachsko, occupying the territory from Gottwaldov and Kiyov to the border with Slovakia.

Interesting examples of Czech folk architecture can be seen in South Bohemia, in Blaty, where a stone house with richly decorated gables was especially common, in Chodsko, where a typical peasant house with a wooden frame is often found to this day, and finally, in northeastern Bohemia, in the region Turnova and Novaya Paki, where houses with very beautiful decoration of the roof ridge are still preserved.

The territory of the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands was characterized by a large peasant estate, closed on all sides, with gates for entry from the front. Now the most typical of them are taken under the protection of the state, some are transported to museums of folk architecture.

The Wallachian and Silesian Beskydy areas in Moravia are characterized by wooden houses, which are very different from the spacious rural houses of Hanacka with a canopy over the entrance and from the houses in South Moravia, standing sideways to the street, whitewashed and painted with a colored plinth. In the Strazhnits region, such houses are often painted with bright patterns around windows and doors; this tradition continues to this day.

The interior decoration of residential premises among the Czechs remained unchanged for many years. And at present, in some places, traditional furniture is preserved: a table, benches with carved backs, a bed with many pillows.

The artistic talent of the Czech people also manifested itself in such an area of culture as the national costume. In the past, several dozens of various national costumes could be counted on the territory of the country. By the costume it was possible to accurately determine the place of residence of a person. The richness of national clothes is manifested in the endless variety of ornaments of its decorations: embroidered, woven, wicker, etc. It is impossible to describe all the variants of folk clothes - they are very diverse. So, for example, in a relatively small area, which is occupied by Moravian Mlovacko, there were 28 types of folk clothes. National costumes were worn everywhere in the Czech Republic until the middle of the last century. Currently, only two local groups have preserved the Czech national costume - the Chodes and the Moravian Slovaks.

Chod women wear a white jacket with wide puffs on the sleeves, a red pleated skirt, a striped woven apron and a bright corsage on holidays. A large black scarf with red flowers is thrown over the head, tied with a characteristic knot at the back of the head. If we talk about Moravian Slovak, then the national costume worn in Podluz is interesting here - this is the name of its southern outskirts, lying on the border with Austria between the Morava and Dyje rivers . Podluzhsky women's festive national costume is worn over a simple white linen shirt. Over it they put on a jacket with wide sleeves, pulled together under the elbows. Over several short, tightly starched underskirts, an overskirt of silk or wool is put on. A sleeveless jacket is put on a jacket, and a "collar" is fastened to it. Wide multi-colored ribbons hang freely from the belt and from the neck. On the legs of the girl they put on boots with accordion tops made of thin leather. The head is decorated with "horns" or "kokesh". Folk art is closely connected with ancient customs and rituals. Czechs, both urban and rural, still celebrate some traditional religious holidays. The biggest traditional family holiday is Christmas. Nowadays, Christmas has become a public holiday that lasts for several days.

The Czech Republic has a developed network of educational institutions: 4,000 primary and secondary schools with about 1.2 million students, 670 secondary specialized educational institutions and 23 universities. Since 1991, 250 private schools have been operating in the country.

General characteristics of the national economy of the Czech Republic

The modern Czech Republic is a relatively small, highly developed industrial country, economically diverse, with a complex economic geography. The Czech Republic has always been famous not only for the volume of industrial products, but also for its high quality.

The main branches of the Czech industry are fuel and energy, mechanical engineering, chemical, textile, food, glass and porcelain production. The Czech Republic has a well-established agricultural production. With a small land area, the Czech Republic fully satisfies domestic food needs. In addition, a significant part of agricultural products is exported.

The leading sector of the Czech economy is industry. During the years of socialism, the country carried out a radical reconstruction of the old industrial regions and created a number of new industries that were absent before. The construction of a large number of new enterprises, combined with the reconstruction of existing ones, has led to a significant increase in the cooperation of industrial enterprises not only within traditional economic regions, but also on a nationwide scale. This is how the Ostrava-Karvinsky region, the engineering agglomerations of Prague, Brno, Pilsen, the electric power and chemical complex of Northern Bohemia were formed.

The Czech national economy has a good energy base. It is based on thermal power plants, which account for up to 90% of all electricity generated. Along with the fact that the amount of coal reserves in the country is sharply decreasing, the Czech Republic attaches great importance to the development of nuclear energy. In previous years, with the assistance of the Soviet Union, several nuclear power plants were built in the country in South Bohemia and South Moravia. In addition, a large contribution to the energy fund is made by hydroelectric power plants, which are built mainly on the mountain rivers of the country and in areas where there are no coal deposits.

Such an important industry as mechanical engineering is developing at a special pace in the country. The Czech Republic produces universal machine tools with program control, electric locomotives, trolleybuses and trams, cars, etc.

Škoda, a car manufacturer headquartered in Mlada Boleslav, has gained particular fame in the world.

The Skoda company was founded in 1925 on the basis of the well-known Czech company Laurin and Klement. In the mid-1990s, Skoda became part of the German concern Volkswagen, and from that moment on, the company began active operations in Europe. Currently, 30% of the company's shares are owned by the Czech government and 70% of the shares by the German Volkswagen concern, and negotiations are underway to acquire the concern's share of the Czech government.

The company produces a number of modern car models (Scoda Oktavia, Scoda Felicia, Scoda Fabia) that meet international standards and are very popular in many European countries, including Russia.

The chemical industry developed rapidly in the Czech Republic.

The development of this industry was complicated by the insufficiency or absence of many types of raw materials, the well-known tension in the energy balance. Overcoming these difficulties is greatly facilitated by close economic cooperation with other countries, in particular with the Russian Federation, which supplies the Czech Republic with the necessary amount of oil, natural gas and other types of raw materials. The main centers of the chemical industry in the Czech Republic are concentrated in Central and Northern Bohemia.

Traditionally, the Czech light industry is characterized by a high level of development - textile, glass and shoe production.

Currently, the Czech textile industry produces a wide range of fabrics based on natural fibers (wool, linen, cotton), artificial fibers (viscose silk, polyamide and polyester fibers, as well as the so-called mixed fabrics made from a combination of synthetic and natural fibers.

The Czech glass, ceramic and porcelain industries have long been world famous. Glass production is concentrated mainly in the cities of Jablonec na Nis, Novy Bor, Poděbrady, Karlovy Vary. The centers of the ceramic and porcelain industry are located in South Moravia and West Bohemia. The so-called "Czech" glass, produced at the glass factory "Bohemia" in the city of Poděbrady, has acquired special worldwide fame. It is a large enterprise specialized exclusively in the production of hand-cut lead crystal.

Beer brewing has been developed in the country for a long time. Among the variety of beers brewed in Czech breweries, the Pilsen beer "Prazdroj" has enjoyed a high reputation since the Middle Ages. In many countries they tried to produce their own "Pilsen beer", but this did not succeed. Only a combination of high-quality hops, barley malt and special water from artesian wells make it possible to brew a real Prazdroy.

Beer has long been a favorite folk drink among the Czechs, and it was produced in strict accordance with strictly established rules, which were monitored by city councilors. The quality of the beer was checked in a rather peculiar way. Beer was poured onto a polished oak bench. The brewer would sit on the spilled beer in his signature leather pants and sit until the beer was dry. Then he got up, and if the bench rose with him, then it was recognized that the beer was of good quality.

The modern economy of the country makes increasing demands on transport.

The basis of the transport system of the Czech Republic is made up of railways, which provide mass transportation of goods over long distances. The Czech railway network is one of the densest in the world. Currently, most of the railway lines are electrified and have second tracks. An important role in cargo transportation is also played by road transport, which accounts for about a quarter of the total cargo turnover. The country is covered by a dense network of highways and the construction of new highways continues.

A number of pipelines pass through the country, through which natural gas and oil from Russia are supplied to the Czech Republic and further to the countries of Western Europe.

Air transport plays a significant role in domestic and international passenger traffic.

Since 1990, radical transformations have been carried out in the Czech Republic in order to enter the parameters of a market economy. Particular emphasis is placed on the denationalization of property and the formation of a competitive environment. The "small" privatization has almost been completed, during which the vast majority of trade and service enterprises were sold at auctions. The share of the private sector in 1996 in the Czech Republic accounted for about 15% of commodity industrial production, 44% of the volume of construction work, 55% of retail trade.

At the same time, the country experienced an economic recession in the early 1990s, despite foreign investment in the Czech economy, which in 1992 amounted to about 1 billion US dollars. So in 1992, the decline in industrial production was 16% and in agriculture 11.5%. Currently, there is a period of stabilization of the country's economy.

Foreign economic relations of the Czech Republic

Of particular importance for the Czech Republic, as a relatively small state with a diversified and at the same time specialized economy that needs to import many types of raw materials, are foreign economic relations. The maintenance of stable economic growth rates, the implementation of progressive structural changes, and an increase in the efficiency of the national economy largely depend on the successful development of foreign economic relations. The development of economic cooperation between the Czech Republic and neighboring countries is favored by the fact that, in terms of their sectoral structure, the economies of the Czech Republic and each of these countries complement each other to a certain extent, their geographical proximity, the presence of main railways and roads connecting them with each other is also important. The profitability of economic cooperation with these countries is also determined by the fact that the majority of enterprises in the key sectors of heavy industry are concentrated near their borders, so the distances between suppliers and consumers are small and sometimes measure only a few tens of kilometers, which significantly reduces transport costs. Thus, the peculiarities of the sectoral and territorial structure of the national economy, combined with close proximity, create great opportunities for cooperation in the most diverse areas of economic life.

During the years of the existence of the socialist camp, the main mutually beneficial economic ties of the Czech Republic developed with the socialist countries, which made it possible to solve the problem of creating the necessary prerequisites for the stable and uninterrupted development of the national economy. The diverse ties of the Czech Republic with the socialist countries along the line of specialization of co-production in the leading branches of industry, the presence of a guaranteed sales market contributed to the organization of large-scale production, strengthening the position of the Czech Republic in the system of the international socialist division of labor as the most important manufacturer and exporter of machinery and equipment.

In a wide range of exports of engineering products, complete equipment prevailed - rolling mills for ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, heavy power equipment, equipment for sugar and breweries. Metal-cutting machines, trucks and cars, tractors and electric locomotives are also exported.

The import of the Czech Republic is dominated by fuel and raw materials, mainly oil and gas complex. Crude oil and natural gas enter the Czech Republic mainly from the Russian Federation through pipelines built as early as within the framework of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance of the countries of the socialist camp. Machinery and equipment are also imported in large quantities. The import of advanced technology contributes to the accelerated development of the country's industry.

After the collapse of the socialist camp, the Czech government took a new political course and made the main bet on the development of bilateral relations with the countries of Western Europe and on attracting foreign investment into the Czech economy (mainly Germany, France and Italy). Many Czech enterprises were sold to foreign corporations, which allowed the Czech economy to be more closely integrated into the overall economy of Western Europe. In 1993, exports amounted to 12.6 billion US dollars, imports - 12.4 billion dollars.

Prague is the capital of the Czech Republic

Prague is the capital of the Czech Republic. Here are the residences of the president, government and the National Assembly, the largest cultural and scientific institutions are concentrated. Prague is extraordinarily beautiful and attractive at any time of the year. She owes her beauty both to nature and to the creative genius of man.

On the ancient coat of arms of Prague it is written: "Prague is the mother of places", which means "Prague is the mother of cities". It has existed for over a thousand years. The entire history of the Czech people is connected with this city, and each era has left its mark on the appearance of today's Prague. Prague is considered to be one of the most beautiful cities in Europe. It is picturesquely located on both banks of the river. Vltava, it has many beautiful architectural monuments and greenery. Prague, as the architects say, has a peculiar silhouette, which is created by numerous pointed towers, domes of cathedrals and the Parisian Kremlin - the Castle - dominating the city. The Czech people love their capital and are proud of it. It is not for nothing that in songs and ancient legends it is called “Golden Prague”, i.e. "Golden Prague".

Prague is best seen from Petřín Hill, which can be reached by cable car. On the hill there is an openwork steel tower of the television center. From here, you can see the entire city from a bird's eye view.

On the hilly left bank of the Vltava River, numerous monumental buildings of the Prague Castle rise. Among them are the former royal palace and the famous Gothic cathedral of St. Witt. By the way, this cathedral was built for almost 600 years and was fully completed only in 1928. The Vladislav Hall of the palace, built in the 15th century, is so large that in ancient times equestrian jousting tournaments were held in it. At the foot of the Gradchansky hill is the ancient district of Mala Strana. Government offices and museums are concentrated here. Terraces on the slopes of the hill are occupied by gardens. From Mala Strana to the Stare Mesto district leads the oldest of Prague's bridges - the famous Charles Bridge, decorated with sculptural figures and towers at the entrances. The bridge was built in the 14th century. In the center of Stare Mesto is the Old Town Square - a witness to many events in Czech history. From the south, Stara Mesto adjoins Nove Mesto. This is also an old area, but in the present it has been heavily rebuilt.

Prague is not only a city-museum, not only the administrative and cultural center of the country, but also the largest industrial city in Czechoslovakia. The industry of Prague, like the whole of Czechoslovakia, is characterized by a large assortment and high quality of products. Prague produces machine tools (including those with program control), machine tools, motorcycles, cars, locomotives, chemical products, fabrics, refrigerators, etc. The production and development of medical equipment is very well developed (including the production of “artificial heart ”, used in heart surgery).

Prague is the country's largest transport hub. More than 10 railway and more than 40 bus lines converge here. Prague - a river port on the river. Vltava and, finally, a major airport. This city is connected by direct air lines with all major countries of the world.

Literature

Countries of the world. Brief political and economic reference book. 1996

Czechoslovakia. B.P. Zernov, O.E. Lushnikov. Moscow, "Thought", 1982

Through the most beautiful places in Czechoslovakia. L. Motka . Praha, Sportovni a turisticke nakladatelstvi, 1962 G.

Czechoslovakia: the road to socialism. P. Raposh. Moscow, "Progress", 1988

Prague (guide). Ts. Rybar. Moscow, "Planet", 1989

Universal Encyclopedia. Cyril and Methodius. http://mega.km.ru

Introduction…………………………………………………………………….………3

1. Geography of the Czech Republic………………………………………………………………. ..5

2. The population of the Czech Republic………………………………………………………………… 6

3. Economy of the Czech Republic………………………………………………………………. .10

3.1 Automotive industry……………………………………………………….11

3.2 Transport……………………………………………………………………12

3.3 Finance…………………………………………………………………….13

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………15

List of sources used………………………………………………………………………………………………………………16

Introduction

The Czech Republic (officially the Czech Republic) is a country in Central Europe. The name of the country comes from the ethnonym of the people - the Czechs. Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic, is a tourist attraction and the largest city in the country. The modern Czech Republic was formed as a result of the collapse of Czechoslovakia (Velvet Divorce). Includes historical regions - Bohemia, Moravia and part of Silesia.

The Czech lands have been known since the end of the 9th century, when they were united by the Přemyslids. In the "Czech Chronicle" of Cosmas of Prague, one can read: "In the summer of the Nativity of Christ 894. Borzhivoi, the first prince of the holy Christian faith, was baptized." The question of the reliability of this fact is controversial. The Kingdom of Bohemia (Bohemia) had considerable power, but religious conflicts (the Hussite wars in the 15th century and the Thirty Years' War in the 17th century) devastated it. Later it came under the influence of the Habsburgs and became part of Austria-Hungary.

Following the collapse of this state after World War I, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus united and formed the independent Republic of Czechoslovakia in 1918. This country had a large enough ethnic German minority that was the reason for the dissolution of Czechoslovakia, when Germany achieved the annexation of the Sudetenland as a result of the Munich Agreement of 1938, which led to the separation of Slovakia. The remaining Czech state was occupied by Germany in 1939 (became known as the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia).

After World War II, Czechoslovakia fell into the Soviet sphere of influence and became a socialist country (Czechoslovakia). In 1968, the invasion of the Warsaw Pact troops ended the attempts of the country's leaders under Alexander Dubček to liberalize party rule and create "socialism with a human face" during the Prague Spring.

In 1989, Czechoslovakia turned off the path of socialist development as a result of the Velvet Revolution. On January 1, 1993, the country was peacefully divided into two, with the formation of independent Czech Republic and Slovakia ("velvet divorce").

The Czech Republic joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004. Simultaneously with the accession to the EU, the Czech Republic signed the Schengen Agreement, and from December 21, 2007, border control at the land borders of the Czech Republic was abolished. On March 31, 2008, the control was also canceled on flights arriving from the Schengen countries. Since January 1, 2009, the Czech Republic has been the Presidency of the Council of the European Union for 6 months (until June 1, 2009).

Geography of the Czech Republic

The territory of the Czech Republic is 78,866 km² (including 77,276 km² of land and 1,590 km² of water).

The total length of the border is 1,880 km. It borders with Poland (border length 658 km) in the north, Germany in the northwest and west (border length 646 km), Austria in the south (border length 362 km) and Slovakia in the east (border length 214 km).

Ledges: Ashsky ledge, Fridlantsky ledge, Shluknovsky ledge, Broumovsky ledge, Javornitsky ledge, Osoblazhsky ledge and Bzhetslavsky ledge (Dyysky triangle).

The Czech landscape is very diverse. The western part (Bohemia) lies in the basins of the Laba (Elbe) and Vltava (Moldau) rivers, surrounded mainly by low mountains (the Sudetes and part of them - the Krkonoše), where the highest point of the country is located - Mount Snezka with a height of 1,602 m. Moravia, the eastern part , is also quite hilly and mainly lies in the basin of the Morava (March) river, and also contains the source of the Odra (Oder) river. In addition to high mountain ranges covered with forests, the Czech Republic has fertile plains and the famous Bohemian Forests. The rivers from the landlocked Czech Republic flow into three seas: the North Sea, the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea.

The climate is temperate with warm summers and cold, cloudy, wet winters, determined by a mixture of maritime and continental influences. In summer, the average air temperature is +20° C, in winter -5° C.

Population of the Czech Republic

The basis of the population of the Czech Republic (95%) are ethnic Czechs and speakers of the Czech language, which belongs to the group of West Slavic languages. Foreigners make up about 4% of the country's population. Among immigrants, the most numerous diaspora in the Czech Republic are Ukrainians, who as of August 31, 2011 lived in the country 110733 (outflow compared to August 2010 15788). In second place are the Slovaks (79924 - an influx for the year 8248), many of whom, after the separation in 1993, remained in the Czech Republic and make up approximately 2% of the population. On the third - citizens of Vietnam (56716 - outflow for the year 3889). They are followed by citizens of Russia (29336 - outflow for the year 1958) and Poland (18942). Other ethnic groups include Germans (13,577), Roma and Hungarians.

According to the language, the Czechs belong to the West Slavic peoples. The language of central Bohemia was put at the basis of the early works of Czech writing of the 13th-14th centuries. But as the influence in the country of the Catholic Church, German feudal lords and the patriciate of cities increased, the Czech language began to be subjected to oppression in favor of the German and Latin languages. But during the period of the Hussite wars, literacy and the literary Czech language became widespread among the masses. Then came the two-century decline of Czech culture under the rule of the Habsburgs, who pursued a policy of Germanizing the subject Slavic peoples. The Czech language began to revive only at the end of the 18th century, its basis was the literary language of the 16th century, which explains the presence of many archaisms in the modern Czech language, in contrast to the living spoken language. The spoken language is divided into several groups of dialects: Czech, Middle Moravian and East Moravian.

The Czech Republic is one of the densely populated states. The average population density is 130 people. per 1 sq. km. The distribution of the population on the territory of the republic is relatively even. The most densely populated are the areas of large urban agglomerations - Prague, Brno, Ostrava, Pilsen (up to 250 people per 1 sq. km). The regions of Cesky Krumlov and Prachatice have the minimum population density (about 37 people per 1 sq. km). As of 1991, there were 5479 settlements in the Czech Republic. The Czech Republic belongs to highly urbanized countries: about 71% of the population lives in cities and towns, while more than 50% live in cities with a population of over 20 thousand inhabitants, the share of the rural population continues to decline. The only metropolis in the Czech Republic is Prague, which has 1,188 thousand inhabitants permanently (as of December 31, 2006; the population of Prague has been slowly decreasing since 1985). As of 2006, the Czech Republic has 5 cities with a population of more than 100,000 inhabitants (Prague, Brno, Ostrava, Pilsen, Olomouc), 17 cities with a population of more than 50,000 inhabitants, and 44 cities with a population of more than 20,000 inhabitants.

The total population of the Czech Republic, having reached a post-war maximum in 1991 - 10,302 thousand people - then slowly decreased until 2003, when it amounted to just over 10,200 thousand people, but since then there has been a slight increase to 10,530 thousand people - mainly due to an increase in the flow of migrants (primarily from Ukraine, Slovakia, Vietnam, Russia, Poland and the countries of the former Yugoslavia). Natural population growth was negative in the period 1994-2005, and some positive growth is observed in 2006 due to an increase in the birth rate and a decrease in mortality. At the same time, the level of female fertility is still deeply insufficient for the reproduction of the population (about 1.2 children per 1 woman of reproductive age). In recent years, the Czech Republic has become one of the states with the lowest level of infant mortality (less than 4 per 1,000 births). Since 1990, there has been a steady decline in the number of abortions and induced abortions in the Czech Republic.

Most of the population - 71.2% - is in the productive age (from 15 to 65 years), while 14.4% of Czech citizens are under 15 years old, and 14.5% are over 65 years old. In the productive age, the number of men slightly exceeds the number of women, but in the post-productive age, women noticeably prevail (for every two women there is one man). The average age of the population of the Czech Republic is 39.3 years (women - 41.1 years, men - 37.5 years). Average life expectancy is 72.9 years for men and 79.7 years for women (as of 2006).

The majority of the adult population is married, although the proportion of singles is relatively high, with one in five men and one in eight women unmarried. Currently, men marry at 28 and women at 26, which is close to the European trend. The first child appears in the family most often within 6 months after the wedding. Czech families are characterized by a high divorce rate. Currently, almost every second marriage ends in divorce, as a result of which almost 80% of all children under the age of 15 live in single-parent families. The average family size has decreased over the past 30 years from 3.5 to 2.2 people.

The economically active population is 51.5% of the total. A specific feature of the Czech Republic among other countries is the high level of employment of women, who make up about 48% of the total economically active population. Most women work in the service industries - health care, education, trade and catering. Most women work out of economic necessity in order to maintain the family's standard of living. The unemployment rate is 7.3% (November 2006), which is more than in 1990-1997. (3-5%), but noticeably less than in 1999-2004. (up to 10.5%).

Illiteracy in the Czech Republic is practically absent (occasionally found among older Roma). A high level of literacy was typical of Czechs even during the First Republic (1918-1938): at that time, about 95% of all residents had a basic education. In recent years, the level of education has increased markedly. Every third economically active resident of the Czech Republic has completed secondary education (corresponding to the level of 12-13 years of education), and every tenth citizen of the Czech Republic has or is receiving higher education. A typical worker has at least a secondary vocational training. The high qualification of Czech workers is one of the main advantages of the Czech economy. So far, the country lags behind the most developed European countries in terms of the proportion of the population with completed secondary and higher education.

At the end of March 2008, 402,300 foreigners were living in the Czech Republic on long-term and permanent residence permits. In 2007, 70,600 foreign citizens arrived in the Czech Republic for residence, which is an absolute record in history. According to the Czech Statistical Office, by the end of 2008, 438,301 foreigners lived in the Czech Republic, of which 265,374 had the status of long-term residence, the rest of the foreigners had the status of permanent residence. According to the Czech Statistical Office, in 2009 the population of the Czech Republic reached 10.5 million people. Compared with the figure for 2008, the number of immigrants has halved, amounting to 40 thousand people, while the number of emigrants has doubled, reaching 11.6 thousand people.

In connection with the economic crisis of 2008-2009, the Czech Republic is implementing measures aimed at reducing the number of foreign workers in the country. The state encourages the departure of immigrants by fully paying for the trip or flight home of those who agree to leave the country, in addition to a one-time allowance of 500 euros.

Population income:

From 2001 to 2008, the average monthly salary in the Czech Republic increased from 420 to 910 euros. By 2009, it had dropped to 890 euros.

3. Economy of the Czech Republic

The Czech Republic is an industrial country. The main industries are fuel and energy, metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical, light and food industries.

Among all the post-communist states, the Czech Republic has one of the most stable and successful economic systems. Its basis is industry (engineering, electrical engineering and electronics, chemistry, food industry, ferrous metallurgy) and the service sector. The share of agriculture and forestry, as well as the mining industry, is insignificant and continues to decrease.

After the fall of communism in 1989, the Czech Republic inherited from Czechoslovakia the former structure of the economy, which in the new conditions turned out to be energy inefficient, not environmentally friendly and outdated from an industrial point of view. A disproportionately large share was occupied by ferrous metallurgy using imported raw materials, heavy engineering and the military industry. The range of manufactured goods significantly exceeded the objective capabilities of the country, which led to small-scale production and a decrease in its efficiency. Foreign trade was subject to the directives of the CMEA, focused on the needs of the USSR and, compared with developed countries, was insignificant.

In 1995, the Czech Republic was the first among all former communist countries to be admitted to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.

3.1 Automotive

Economic and geographical position of the Czech Republic Performed by: Kataeva Maria, Performed by: Kataeva Maria, student of grade 11 "A", student of grade 11 "A", MOU-SOSH 86 MOU-SOSH 86 Head: Bazueva Head: Bazueva Elena Vyacheslavovna Elena Vyacheslavovna

Purpose: To draw up an economic and geographical description of the Czech Republic. Purpose: To draw up an economic and geographical description of the Czech Republic. Relevance: Consider the emergence of a new state in Europe - the Czech Republic, and its relationship with the Russian Federation and other countries of the European Economic Cooperation. Relevance: Consider the emergence of a new state in Europe - the Czech Republic, and its relationship with the Russian Federation and other countries of the European Economic Cooperation. Tasks: 1) Describe EGP, natural resources, population; Tasks: 1) Describe EGP, natural resources, population; 2) Consider the economy of the state for a given period. 2) Consider the economy of the state for a given period.

Political system The head of state is the president; The head of state is the president; The legislature is a bicameral parliament (the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies); The legislature is a bicameral parliament (the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies); The national currency is the Czech crown (Kč). The national currency is the Czech crown (Kč).

Economy of the Czech Republic In terms of gross domestic product (GDP) produced, the Czech Republic occupies - 48th place; In terms of gross domestic product (GDP) produced, the Czech Republic ranks 48th; In terms of GDP per capita - 65th place; In terms of GDP per capita - 65th place; In terms of living standards, the Czech Republic ranks 37th and 17th among EU member states. In terms of living standards, the Czech Republic ranks 37th and 17th among EU member states.

Agriculture There are almost 4.3 million hectares of agricultural land in the Czech Republic, of which 3.1 million hectares are arable land. The share of arable land in agricultural land is 72.4%. The Czech Republic has almost 4.3 million hectares of agricultural land, of which 3.1 million hectares are arable land. The share of arable land in agricultural land is 72.4%. Key problems are emerging in Czech agriculture: - problems related to the national economy; - industry problems. Key problems are emerging in Czech agriculture: - problems related to the national economy; - industry problems.

Transport system The modern economy of the Czech Republic places modern demands on transport. The modern economy of the Czech Republic makes modern demands on transport. Road transport carries out mainly domestic transportation; Road transport carries out mainly domestic transportation; Rail transport provides mass transportation over long distances; Rail transport provides mass transportation over long distances; Air transport plays a significant role in domestic and intercity passenger traffic. Air transport plays a significant role in domestic and intercity passenger traffic.